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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Redox regulation: an introduction (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 120 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The redox-state is a critical determinate of cell function, and any major imbalances can cause severe damage or death. The cellular redox status therefore needs to be sensed and modulated before such imbalances occur. Various redox-active components are involved in these processes, including thioredoxins, glutaredoxins and other thiol/disulphide-containing proteins. The cellular reactions for cytoprotection and for signalling are integrated with physiological redox-reactions in photosynthesis, assimilation and respiration. They also determine the developmental fate of the cell and finally decide on proliferation or cell death. An international workshop on redox regulation, organized by the research initiative FOR 387 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, was held in Bielefeld, Germany in 2002. A selection of articles originating from the meeting is printed in this issue of Physiologia Plantarum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0277.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PLANT PEROXIREDOXINS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 54 (2003), S. 93-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-2519
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are abundant low-efficiency peroxidases located in distinct cell compartments including the chloroplast and mitochondrion. They are grouped into four clans based on their structural and biochemical properties. The catalytic center contains a cysteinyl residue that reduces diverse peroxides and is regenerated via intramolecular or intermolecular thiol-disulfide-reactions and finally by electron donors such as thioredoxins and glutaredoxins. Prxs show a complex regulation by endogenous and environmental stimuli at both the transcript and protein levels. In addition to their role in antioxidant defense in photosynthesis, respiration, and stress response, they may also be involved in modulating redox signaling during development and adaptation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134934
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidative stress and ozone: perception, signalling and response (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The primary site of ozone interaction with plant cells is the extracellular matrix where ozone challenges the antioxidant protection of the cells. Accordingly, ozone sensitivity generally correlates with the ascorbate status of the apoplast, which is an important signal initiation point. In addition, ozone sensing takes place by covalent modification of redox-sensitive components of the plasma membrane, for example ion channels like the plasma membrane Ca2+-channels. Subsequent intracellular signal transduction is an intriguing network of hormone, Ca2+ and MAPK signalling pathways, significantly overlapping with oxidative burst-induced pathogen signalling. Comparison of recent transcriptome analysis revealed that in addition to genes generally induced by all kinds of oxidative stress, for example, transcripts for PR-proteins and most antioxidant enzymes, approximately one-third of the responsive transcripts are ozone specific, indicating jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene-independent redox signalling triggered by extracellular redox sensing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01326.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inactivation by gene disruption of 2-cysteine-peroxiredoxin in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 leads to increased stress sensitivity (1998)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 104 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 2-Cysteine-peroxiredoxins (2-CP) constitute a ubiquitous group of enzymes which reduce toxic alkyl hydroperoxides. In higher plants it was shown that the nuclear encoded 2-CPs are posttranslationally imported into the chloroplasts, the site of most active oxidative metabolism in plants (Baier and Dietz 1997, Plant J. 12; 179-190). The genome of the bluegreen alga Synechocystis (EMBL acc. # D64000) encodes a 2-CP which shares 60% homology to higher plant 2-CPs on the gene level and about 70% on the level of the mature protein. In order to elucidate the physiological significance of 2-CPs for photosynthetic organisms, the 2-CP gene was mutated in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 by insertion of a kanamycin gene cartridge. Following complete segregation mutant lines were analyzed for growth and photosynthetic parameters. The mutants revealed decreased growth rates as compared to the wild type. Growth inhibition was relieved after lowering the concentration of Fe or trace elements in the growth medium. Chlorophyll a fluorescence transients as induced by saturating light pulses were used as indicator for the state of photosynthesis. The effective quantum yield decreased at lower light intensities in the mutants as compared to the wild type Synechocystis. Simultaneously, electron transport rates saturated at lower light intensities in the mutants. These data provide the first evidence that 2-CPs play a pivotal protective role in photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1040426.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The epidermis of barley leaves is a dynamic intermediary storage compartment of carbohydrates, amino acids and nitrate (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 92 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sugars, amino acids and nitrate were measured in the epidermis of barley seedlings and compared with whole leaf levels. I. Under all conditions, concentrations of glucose and fructose were lower in the epidermis than in the remaining leaf tissues; levels were lowest at the end of the dark period (0.2–1.4 mM) and increased under conditions of inhibited assimilate export (3–6 mM). 2. Epidermal sucrose concentrations were very low (« 0.2 mM) even in excised leaves which had accumulated assimilates. 3. Similar to the sugars, amino acids were also less concentrated in the epidermis than in whole leaf extracts. However, the amino acid profiles showed cell type-specific differences. 4. Nitrate was accumulated in the epidermis. The epidermal pool decreased during nitrate starvation. Since no nitrate reductase activity was associated with the epidermis, nitrate was mobilised from the epidermis and metabolized presumably in the mesophyll. These results suggest that the epidermis functions as a regulated intermediary storage compartment of the leaves and that stored substances are readily available for remobilisation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb06651.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The antioxidant status of photosynthesizing leaves under nutrient deficiency: redox regulation, gene expression and antioxidant activity in Arabidopsis thaliana (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 120 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Redox signals provide important information on plant metabolism during development and in dependence on environmental parameters and trigger compensatory responses and antioxidant defence. The aim of the study was to characterize the redox and antioxidant status of photosynthesizing leaves under N, P and S deficiency on a comparative basis. Therefore, redox signals, indicators of the cellular redox environment and parameters of antioxidant defence were determined and related to general growth parameters, namely (1) transcript levels of all chloroplast encoded genes; (2) ascorbate and glutathione; (3) activities of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX); and (4) transcript amounts of eight peroxiredoxins, three catalases and three ascorbate peroxidases. The results reveal distinct patterns of redox responses dependent on the type of nutrient deficiency. (1) Nitrogen deprivation caused up-regulation of psbA, psbC, petA, petG and clpP transcripts, down-regulation of psbG, psbK and ndhA, a five-fold increase in ascorbic acid, a severe drop in CAT and APX activities, although cat1 mRNA levels were increased in young and old leaves. (2) With the exception of psbA and psaJ transcripts, P-starvation induced a general trend to decreased mRNA abundance of plastome genes; ascorbate and glutathione levels were increased, as was the activity of APX and CAT. In accordance with that result, transcripts of all cat genes and stromal apx, as well as prxIIC, prxIID, were elevated under P deprivation. (3) Sulphur depletion increased transcripts of petA, petB, petD, petG, ndhJ and rpo-genes. mRNAs of psbG, psbK, atpA, atpB, atpE and atpF were decreased. Glutathione levels dropped to less than 25% of control, in parallel activities of APX were stimulated in young leaves. Transcripts of many antioxidant enzymes were unaltered or decreased, only cat2 mRNA was increased. It is concluded that N-, P- and S-nutrient deprivation trigger distinct redox changes and induce oxidative stress with a rather defined pattern in the context of nutrient-specific alterations in metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0272.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of subtilisin-like serine proteases in Arabidopsis thaliana is cell-specific and responds to jasmonic acid and heavy metals with developmental differences (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 118 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The expression of two novel subtilisin-like serine proteases At-SLP2 and At-SLP3 from Arabidopsis thaliana and the recently identified Arabidopsis subtilase ARA12 was analysed with respect to plant development, stress response and cell specificity. In juvenile plants the mRNAs of the subtilisin-like proteases At-SLP2, At-SLP3 and ARA12 were detected with varying transcript levels in leaves but not in roots. In mature Arabidopsis plants transcripts were abundant in leaves, roots and flowers revealing developmental regulation of synthesis of subtilases. By in situ hybridization it was shown that the subtilisin-like proteases were predominantly present in epidermal cells and in the vascular bundles, in the phloem and in developing xylem elements. In flowers additional signals were localized, for example, in pistils, ovules and anthers. In flowers and juvenile developing leaves, expression of the subtilisin-like proteases increased following treatment with jasmonate and cadmium, respectively, suggesting that these proteases are responsive to stress and pathogen stimuli. The physiological relevance of these data in relation to plant morphogenesis and development is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00087.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abscisic acid causes changes in gene expression involved in the induction of the landform of the liverwort Riccia fluitans L. (1996)
    Springer
    Planta 199 (1996), S. 169-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196894
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium leads to stimulated expression of the lipid transfer protein genes in barley: implications for the involvement of lipid transfer proteins in wax assembly (1997)
    Springer
    Planta 203 (1997), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Abscisic acid ; Cuticle ; Epidermis ; Heavy metal ; Hordeum ; Wax ; Lipid transfer protein (expression)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. In order to investigate the nature of genes expressed in leaf epidermal cells of higher plants, we have identified the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA designated ltp 7a2b encoding a novel nonspecific lipid transfer protein of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Gerbel). The cDNA of 755 basepairs contains an open reading frame of 366 nucleotides coding for a 12.3-kDa polypeptide. The first 29 amino acids constitute the putative signal peptide, characteristic for targeting to the secretory pathway. Analysis of mRNA levels by Northern blotting indicated that ltp 7a2b is preferentially expressed in the leaf epidermis. Levels of mRNA decreased during ageing of leaf tissue. Expression of ltp 7a2b was stimulated by a factor of 2–3 when the seedlings were grown in the presence of cadmium (10–1600 μM). Concomitantly, the primary leaves of Cd-exposed seedlings contained elevated levels of abscisic acid and a thicker wax layer of the cuticle. At 100 μM Cd in the hydroponic medium, the wax cover was increased by 50%. The increase in abscisic acid content, ltp 7a2b mRNA and wax coverage was either not seen, or seen much less, in Ni- and Zn-stressed seedlings. The data add circumstantial evidence to the recently proposed hypothesis that nonspecific lipid transfer proteins function in transfer of cutin and/or wax monomers from the site of synthesis in the cell to the cuticle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050159
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphate uptake across the tonoplast of intact vacuoles isolated from suspension-cultured cells of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (2000)
    Springer
    Planta 211 (2000), S. 390-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Catharanthus ; Chromate ; 4 ; 4-Diisothio cyanostilbene-2 ; 2′-Disulfonic acid ; Phosphate transport ; Tonoplast ; Vacuole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract.  Transport of inorganic orthophosphate (Pi) across the tonoplast membrane was studied using intact vacuoles isolated from suspension-cultured cells of Catharanthus roseus. Orthophosphate uptake was strongly stimulated in the presence of Mg-ATP and Mg-pyrophosphate and inhibited by bafilomycin and concanamycin which are potent inhibitors of the vacuolar H+-ATPase. These results indicated that the build-up of an electrochemical gradient by the H+ pumps was essential for the uptake of Pi. Potassium thiocyanate, which dissipates the membrane potential across the tonoplast, strongly inhibited the Mg-ATP-stimulated uptake of Pi, while only a weak inhibition was observed in the presence of NH4Cl, which dissipates the pH gradient. These results indicate that, as observed for other anions like malate or chloride, the electrical component is the driving force of Pi uptake, whereas the ΔpH plays only a minor role. Possible competitive inhibitors of Pi, MoO2− 4, VO3− 4 and CrO2− 4 were tested. Among them, CrO2− 4 strongly inhibited Pi uptake into the vacuoles. Various inhibitors of anion transport were also tested. Only 4,4-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid strongly inhibited Pi uptake into the vacuoles. The function of the vacuolar Pi transporters for cytoplasmic Pi homeostasis is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250000297
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