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  • 1
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    The importance of sample size in marine megafauna tagging studies (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Telemetry is a key, widely‐used tool to understand marine megafauna distribution, habitat use, behaviour, and physiology, however, a critical question remains: “how many animals should be tracked to acquire meaningful datasets?” This question has wide‐ranging implications including considerations of statistical power, animal ethics, logistics and cost. While power analyses can inform sample sizes needed for statistical significance, they require some initial data inputs that are often unavailable. To inform the planning of telemetry and biologging studies of marine megafauna where few or no data are available or where resources are limited, we reviewed the types of information that have been obtained in previously published studies using different sample sizes. We considered sample sizes from one to more than 100 individuals and synthesized empirical findings, detailing the information that can be gathered with increasing sample sizes. We complement this review with simulations, using real data, to show the impact of sample size when trying to address various research questions in movement ecology of marine megafauna. We also highlight the value of collaborative, synthetic studies to enhance sample sizes and broaden the range, scale, and scope of questions that can be answered. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1051-0761
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5582
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 2
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    Scaling laws of marine predator search behaviour (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-29
    Description: Many free-ranging predators have to make foraging decisions with little, if any, knowledge of present resource distribution and availability. The optimal search strategy they should use to maximize encounter rates with prey in heterogeneous natural environments remains a largely unresolved issue in ecology. Levy walks are specialized random walks giving rise to fractal movement trajectories that may represent an optimal solution for searching complex landscapes. However, the adaptive significance of this putative strategy in response to natural prey distributions remains untested. Here we analyse over a million movement displacements recorded from animal-attached electronic tags to show that diverse marine predators-sharks, bony fishes, sea turtles and penguins-exhibit Levy-walk-like behaviour close to a theoretical optimum. Prey density distributions also display Levy-like fractal patterns, suggesting response movements by predators to prey distributions. Simulations show that predators have higher encounter rates when adopting Levy-type foraging in natural-like prey fields compared with purely random landscapes. This is consistent with the hypothesis that observed search patterns are adapted to observed statistical patterns of the landscape. This may explain why Levy-like behaviour seems to be widespread among diverse organisms, from microbes to humans, as a 'rule' that evolved in response to patchy resource distributions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sims, David W -- Southall, Emily J -- Humphries, Nicolas E -- Hays, Graeme C -- Bradshaw, Corey J A -- Pitchford, Jonathan W -- James, Alex -- Ahmed, Mohammed Z -- Brierley, Andrew S -- Hindell, Mark A -- Morritt, David -- Musyl, Michael K -- Righton, David -- Shepard, Emily L C -- Wearmouth, Victoria J -- Wilson, Rory P -- Witt, Matthew J -- Metcalfe, Julian D -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 28;451(7182):1098-102. doi: 10.1038/nature06518.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK. dws@mba.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Euphausiacea ; *Feeding Behavior ; Fractals ; Gadiformes ; *Marine Biology ; *Models, Biological ; *Motor Activity ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; Probability ; Seals, Earless ; Sharks ; Spheniscidae ; Tuna ; Turtles
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Environmental context explains Levy and Brownian movement patterns of marine predators (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-10
    Description: An optimal search theory, the so-called Levy-flight foraging hypothesis, predicts that predators should adopt search strategies known as Levy flights where prey is sparse and distributed unpredictably, but that Brownian movement is sufficiently efficient for locating abundant prey. Empirical studies have generated controversy because the accuracy of statistical methods that have been used to identify Levy behaviour has recently been questioned. Consequently, whether foragers exhibit Levy flights in the wild remains unclear. Crucially, moreover, it has not been tested whether observed movement patterns across natural landscapes having different expected resource distributions conform to the theory's central predictions. Here we use maximum-likelihood methods to test for Levy patterns in relation to environmental gradients in the largest animal movement data set assembled for this purpose. Strong support was found for Levy search patterns across 14 species of open-ocean predatory fish (sharks, tuna, billfish and ocean sunfish), with some individuals switching between Levy and Brownian movement as they traversed different habitat types. We tested the spatial occurrence of these two principal patterns and found Levy behaviour to be associated with less productive waters (sparser prey) and Brownian movements to be associated with productive shelf or convergence-front habitats (abundant prey). These results are consistent with the Levy-flight foraging hypothesis, supporting the contention that organism search strategies naturally evolved in such a way that they exploit optimal Levy patterns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Humphries, Nicolas E -- Queiroz, Nuno -- Dyer, Jennifer R M -- Pade, Nicolas G -- Musyl, Michael K -- Schaefer, Kurt M -- Fuller, Daniel W -- Brunnschweiler, Juerg M -- Doyle, Thomas K -- Houghton, Jonathan D R -- Hays, Graeme C -- Jones, Catherine S -- Noble, Leslie R -- Wearmouth, Victoria J -- Southall, Emily J -- Sims, David W -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):1066-9. doi: 10.1038/nature09116. Epub 2010 Jun 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20531470" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Identification Systems ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Exploratory Behavior/physiology ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Food ; Likelihood Functions ; Locomotion/*physiology ; Marine Biology ; *Models, Biological ; Perciformes/physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; *Seawater ; Sharks/physiology ; Swimming/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Feeding requirements of white sharks may be higher than originally thought (2013)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-19
    Description: Quantifying the energy requirements of animals in nature is critical for understanding physiological, behavioural, and ecosystem ecology; however, for difficult-to-study species such as large sharks, prey intake rates are largely unknown. Here, we use metabolic rates derived from swimming speed estimates to suggest that feeding requirements of the world's largest predatory fish, the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), are several times higher than previously proposed. Further, our estimates of feeding frequency identify a clear benefit in seasonal selection of pinniped colonies - a white shark foraging strategy seen across much of their range. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep01471
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 5
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    Fish stocks: Unlimited by-catch limits recovery (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sims, David W -- Queiroz, Nuno -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 24;531(7595):448. doi: 10.1038/531448a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, UK. ; CIBIO/InBIO - University of Porto, Portugal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27008956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Fisheries/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Fishes ; Population Density
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Fisheries: Better policing for fishy catch data (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sims, David W -- Simpson, Samantha J -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 30;520(7549):623. doi: 10.1038/520623e.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25925469" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence/*statistics & ; numerical data ; Endangered Species/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data ; European Union ; Fisheries/*legislation & jurisprudence/*statistics & numerical data ; *Fishes ; Reproducibility of Results ; Skates (Fish) ; Uncertainty
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Convergence of marine megafauna movement patterns in coastal and open oceans [Ecology] (2018)
    A. M. M. Sequeira, J. P. Rodriguez, V. M. Eguiluz, R. Harcourt, M. Hindell, D. W. Sims, C. M. Duarte, D. P. Costa, J. Fernandez–Gracia, L. C. Ferreira, G. C. Hays, M. R. Heupel, M. G. Meekan, A. Aven, F. Bailleul, A. M. M. Baylis, M. L. Berumen, C. D. Braun, J. Burns, M. J. Caley, R. Campbell, R. H. Carmichael, E. Clua, L. D. Einoder, Ari Friedlaender, M. E. Goebel, S. D. Goldsworthy, C. Guinet, J. Gunn, D. Hamer, N. Hammerschlag, M. Hammill, L. A. Huckstadt, N. E. Humphries, M.–A. Lea, A. Lowther, A. Mackay, E. McHuron, J. McKenzie, L. McLeay, C. R. McMahon, K. Mengersen, M. M. C. Muelbert, A. M. Pagano, B. Page, N. Queiroz, P. W. Robinson, S. A. Shaffer, M. Shivȷi, G. B. Skomal, S. R. Thorrold, S. Villegas–Amtmann, M. Weise, R. Wells, B. Wetherbee, A. Wiebkin, B. Wienecke, M. Thums
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-21
    Description: The extent of increasing anthropogenic impacts on large marine vertebrates partly depends on the animals’ movement patterns. Effective conservation requires identification of the key drivers of movement including intrinsic properties and extrinsic constraints associated with the dynamic nature of the environments the animals inhabit. However, the relative importance of intrinsic...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of body size on the standard metabolic rate of the lesser spotted dogfish (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 48 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Standard metabolic rates were measured as the rate of oxygen consumption in 33 Scyliorhinus canicula, ranging in weight from 3–929 g. The amount of oxygen consumed per hour (Vo2) changed predictably with body size according to the relationship Vo2=0–104 W0.855, where W represents fish weight in g. On a weight specific basis, the level of standard metabolism in juvenile dogfish (5 g) was nearly double that measured in adults (500 g).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01447.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tractable models for testing theories about natural strategies: foraging behaviour and habitat selection of free-ranging sharks (2003)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd/Inc
    Journal of fish biology 63 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Marine and terrestrial environments differ fundamentally in space-time scales of both physical and ecological processes. These differences will have an impact on the animals inhabiting each domain, particularly with respect to their spatial ecology. The behavioural strategies that underpin observed distributions of marine species are therefore important to consider. Comparatively little is known, however, about how wild fishes actually respond to gradients in food supply and temperature, and to potential mates. This paper describes how behavioural theory is being used to elucidate the strategies and tactics of free-ranging sharks in three specific areas of study, namely, foraging on zooplankton, behavioural energetics and sexual segregation. The studies discussed are novel because shark movements were tracked in the wild using electronic tags in relation to simultaneous measurements of prey densities and thermal resources. The results show that filter-feeding (basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus) and predatory (dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula) sharks have relatively complex behaviour patterns integrally linked to maximizing surplus power, often through making short and longer term ‘trade-off’ decisions between optimal foraging and thermal habitats. Interestingly, female S. canicula exhibit alternative behavioural strategies compared to males, a difference resulting in spatial segregation by habitat. Sexual segregation in this species occurs primarily as a consequence of male avoidance by females. Studies on free-ranging sharks provide a useful model system for examining how a predator's strategy is shaped by its environment. More theory-based studies of the behavioural processes of sharks are required however, before critical comparisons with other vertebrate predators are possible. Suggestions for further research to address this knowledge gap are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2003.00207.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex differences in dogfish behaviour: alternative activity patterns and habitat choice (2003)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd/Inc
    Journal of fish biology 63 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes:  Acoustic tracking of wild lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, in Lough Hyne, a tidal sea-water lough in southwest Ireland, has demonstrated that the sexes exhibit alternative behaviours. Male dogfish remain active throughout the day and night in deep water (12–24 m), and forage in shallow or deep water by night. Female dogfish, on the other hand, refuge in shallow water caves by day (〈3 m), but undertake nocturnal foraging excursions into deep or very shallow water every two or three nights. These nocturnal foraging excursions are comparatively more extensive than those undertaken by the males. Here I report on recent laboratory experiments which have been conducted in an attempt to determine whether the baseline activity patterns of the sexes differ, and therefore, underlie these sex-based alternative strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2003.216bv.x
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