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Assessing the influence of water and substratum quality on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in a metal-polluted stream: an experimental approach (2002)

Courtney, Lisa A. ; Clements, William H.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Freshwater biology 47 (2002), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2427

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: SUMMARY 1. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the relative influence of water quality and substratum quality on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the Animas River, a metal-polluted stream in south-western Colorado (U.S.A.).2. A community-level in situ toxicity test measured direct effects of Animas River water on benthic invertebrates collected from a reference stream (Elk Creek). The effects of metal-contaminated biofilm were examined by comparing macroinvertebrate colonisation of clean and contaminated substrata placed in Elk Creek. A feeding experiment with the mayfly Baetis tricaudatus Dodds (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) examined metal bioaccumulation and effects of metal-contaminated biofilm on growth and survival.3. Animas River water was acutely toxic to most taxa, with greatest effects observed on mayflies (Heptageniidae, Ephemerellidae) and stoneflies (Taeniopterygidae and Capniidae).4. Although Animas River biofilm was characterised by high concentrations of metals and low algal biomass, most taxa colonised substratum from the reference stream and the Animas River equally. The exceptions were Ephemerellidae, Taeniopterygidae and Simuliidae, which were less abundant on Animas River substratum. Mayflies grazing Animas River biofilm accumulated significantly more metals and showed reduced growth compared with organisms feeding on Elk Creek biofilm.5. Results of our experiments demonstrated that effects of heavy metals on benthic community structure in the Animas River were complex, and that responses to metals in water and contaminated substratum were species-specific. Predicting recovery of benthic communities following remediation requires an understanding of these species-specific responses.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00896.x

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2

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Leaf litter breakdown, microbial respiration and shredder production in metal-polluted streams (2005)

Carlisle, Daren M. ; Clements, William H.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2427

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: 1. If species disproportionately influence ecosystem functioning and also differ in their sensitivities to environmental conditions, the selective removal of species by anthropogenic stressors may lead to strong effects on ecosystem processes. We evaluated whether these circumstances held for several Colorado, U.S.A. streams stressed by Zn.2. Benthic invertebrates and chemistry were sampled in five second–third order streams for 1 year. Study streams differed in dissolved metal concentrations, but were otherwise similar in chemical and physical characteristics. Secondary production of leaf-shredding insects was estimated using the increment summation and size-frequency methods. Leaf litter breakdown rates were estimated by retrieving litter-bags over a 171 day period. Microbial activity on leaf litter was measured in the laboratory using changes in oxygen concentration over a 48 h incubation period.3. Dissolved Zn concentrations varied eightfold among two reference and three polluted streams. Total secondary production of shredders was negatively associated with metal contamination. Secondary production in reference streams was dominated by Taenionema pallidum. Results of previous studies and the current investigation demonstrate that this shredder is highly sensitive to metals in Colorado headwater streams. Leaf litter breakdown rates were similar between reference streams and declined significantly in the polluted streams. Microbial respiration at the most contaminated site was significantly lower than at reference sites.4. Our results supported the hypothesis that some shredder species contribute disproportionately to leaf litter breakdown. Furthermore, the functionally dominant taxon was also the most sensitive to metal contamination. We conclude that leaf litter breakdown in our study streams lacked functional redundancy and was therefore highly sensitive to contaminant-induced alterations in community structure. We argue for the necessity of simultaneously measuring community structure and ecosystem function in anthropogenically stressed ecosystems.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01323.x

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3

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The influence of copper exposure on predator-prey interactions in aquatic insect communities (1989)

CLEMENTS, WILLIAM H. ; CHERRY, DONALD S. ; CAIRNS, JOHN

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Freshwater biology 21 (1989), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2427

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: SUMMARY. 1. Vulnerability of two species of net-spinning caddisflies (Chimarra sp. and Hydropsyche morosa) to predation by the stonefly, Paragnetina media, was significantly greater in experimental streams dosed with copper (target concentration=6 μg 1-1) than in control streams.2. Results of stomach analyses showed that Hydropsychidae was the major component of stonefly diets in experimental streams and that the number of Hydropsychidae per stonefly gut was significantly greater in dosed streams than controls.3. Since these results could not be predicted using single species bioassays, we suggest that such simple tests be supplemented with more environmentally realistic procedures that account for species interactions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1989.tb01381.x

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4

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Resistance and resilience of stream insect communities to repeated hydrologic disturbances after a wildfire (2004)

Vieira, Nicole K. M. ; Clements, William H. ; Guevara, Lynette S. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Freshwater biology 49 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2427

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: 1. Wildfires are often followed by severe, sediment-laden floods in burned catchments. In this study, we documented resistance and resilience of stream insect communities to repeated postfire flash floods in a ‘burned stream’. We employed a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design, where communities in comparable reaches of a burned stream and a reference stream were sampled from 2 years before, to 6 years after, a crown wildfire in north-central New Mexico.2. The first 100-year flood following the 1996 Dome wildfire reduced total insect density and taxon richness to near zero in the burned stream. Despite showing low resistance, density returned rapidly to prefire levels because of colonisation by simuliids, chironomids and the mayfly Baetis tricaudatus. In general, taxa that were generalist feeders (collectors) with strong larval dispersal dominated communities in early postfire years with repeated, moderate flash floods.3. Taxon richness and community composition were less resilient to postfire hydrologic disturbances. Taxon richness did not recover until floods dampened 4 years after the fire. Despite hydrologic recovery, composition in the burned stream still differed from prefire and reference stream compositions after 6 years postfire. A unique assemblage, dominated by taxa with strong larval or adult dispersal, was established after flash floods abated. Specialist feeders (shredders and grazers) that were common in prefire years were reduced or absent in the postfire assemblage.4. Community succession in the burned stream was explained by the interaction between species traits, geographic barriers to colonisation and hydrologic conditions after the fire. Comparable changes in insect density, taxon richness, community composition and trait representation were not found in the reference stream, providing strong evidence that repeated postfire flash floods shaped community responses in the burned stream.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01261.x

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5

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Macroinvertebrate community responses to copper in laboratory and field experimental streams (1990)

Clements, William H. ; Cherry, Donald S. ; Cairns, John

Springer

Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 19 (1990), S. 361-365

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ISSN: 1432-0703

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine

Notes: Abstract Macroinvertebrate community responses to copper (Cu) in laboratory streams receiving dechlorinated tap water and field streams receiving natural river water were compared. Since both tap water and natural river water were taken from the same source in these experiments, several of the important water quality parameters known to influence heavy metal toxicity were similar. Despite the fact that field streams were initially dominated by metal-sensitive Ephemeroptera, effects of Cu were greater in the laboratory. After 10 days of exposure to Cu (11.3 (μg/L), macroinvertebrate abundance was reduced by 75% in laboratory streams compared to 44% in field streams. In the field, the number of taxa was reduced by 10% in treated streams compared to 56% in the laboratory. The response of dominant taxa to Cu exposure was also greater in the laboratory. In the field, abundance of metaltolerant caddisflies (Hydropsychidae:Trichoptera) was similar in control and treated streams (11.3 μg/L). These organisms were reduced by 71% in laboratory streams at similar Cu levels. The greater impact of Cu observed in laboratory streams may have resulted from the inability of certain taxa to acclimate to laboratory conditions. The usefulness of community-level toxicity tests in the laboratory may be limited due to the overestimation of metal toxicity. We recommend that future experiments be conducted in field mesocosms receiving water directly from the system under investigation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054979

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6

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Colonization, variability, and the use of substratum-filled trays for biomonitoring benthic communities (1989)

Clements, William H. ; Hassel, John H. ; Cherry, Donald S. ; [et al.]

Springer

Hydrobiologia 173 (1989), S. 45-53

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: colonizing substrates ; aquatic insects ; sampling variability ; biomonitoring

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Sampling variability and colonization rate of introduced substrates (plastic trays filled with pebble and cobble) in two southwestern Virginia streams are described. Substrates were rapidly colonized by aquatic macroinvertebrates, but colonization rates differed between years, possibly due to annual variability in macroinvertebrate abundance. To examine the applicability of using these substrates for biomonitoring benthic communities, trays were placed at several locations in a river receiving power plant discharges. Only six samples were necessary to detect a 15%reduction in macroinvertebrate density and a 12% reduction in number of taxa at effluent sites. Benthic communities established on rock-filled trays and multiplate samplers collected from the same stations during the same period were compared. Although multiplate samplers were more variable than rock trays and were selective for different taxa, both substrate types showed significant differences in community parameters among locations. Rock trays at all sites were dominated by Cheumatopsyche sp., whereas chironomids were more abundant on multiplate samplers. The relative abundance of mayflies was reduced at the effluent site on both substrate types.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008597

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7

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Integrating effects of contaminants across levels of biological organization: an overview (2000)

Clements, William H.

Springer

Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 7 (2000), S. 113-116

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ISSN: 1573-5141

Keywords: biomarkers ; ecological relevance ; spatiotemporal scale ; levels of organization

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Effects of contaminants may occur at all levels oforganization, from molecular to ecosystem-levelresponses. While biochemical and physiologicalalterations in organisms may occur rapidly and areoften stressor-specific, the ecological relevance ofthese suborganismal indicators is uncertain.Alterations in populations and communities havegreater ecological relevance, but a firm mechanisticunderstanding of these responses is often lacking.Developing mechanistic linkages across levels ofbiological organization would greatly improve ourunderstanding of how organisms are affected bycontaminants in nature. The papers in this seriespresent several innovative approaches for integratingeffects of contaminants across levels of biologicalorganization. Authors were asked to describe theecological consequences of responses at lower levelsof organization (biochemical, physiological,individual) and to speculate on the underlyingmechanisms associated with population and communityalterations. The most consistent finding of the fivepapers in this series is that there is no singlespatiotemporal scale or level of biologicalorganization at which ecotoxicological investigationsshould be conducted.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009927612391

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8

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Effects of acidic pH on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in stream microcosms (1998)

Courtney, Lisa A. ; Clements, William H.

Springer

Hydrobiologia 379 (1998), S. 135-145

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: Stream acidification ; macroinvertebrate communities ; aquatic ; stream microcosms

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The effects of acid (HNO3) on drift and survival of benthic invertebrate communities were assessed in stream microcosms over a 7-day exposure period. Communities were obtained from the Cache la Poudre River, Colorado, using artificial substrates colonized in the stream for 30 days and then transferred to stream microcosms. Streams receiving the highest acid concentration (pH 4.0) contained significantly fewer individuals ( F = 378.42, p 〈 0.0001) and taxa ( F = 7.8, p = 0.0123) at the end of the experiment compared to the other two treatments (pH 5.5, 6.5) and the control (pH 7.4). Reduced macroinvertebrate abundance resulted primarily from reduced abundance of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) which were particularly sensitive. Comparisons of Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera abundances showed no statistically significant differences among treatments. Analysis of invertebrate drift samples, collected after 2, 6, 18, and 42 h exposure, revealed that percent drift in the most acidic streams was nine times that of control streams. Ephemeroptera was the only aquatic insect order to exhibit a significant drift response, and timing and magnitude of responses varied among mayfly taxa. Differences in sensitivity to acid among aquatic insect orders observed in our experimental streams were similar to those reported from field studies in other regions. Effects of acid on drift and survival of benthic invertebrate communities were also similar to effects of heavy metals, one of the primary water quality concerns in the Rocky Mountain region. These results suggest a general pattern of responses to chemical stressors in benthic communities from Rocky Mountain streams.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003442013650

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