Publication Date:
2024-03-15
Description:
Anthropogenic climate change compromises reef growth as a result of increasing temperatures and ocean acidification. Scleractinian corals vary in their sensitivity to these variables, suggesting species composition will influence how reef communities respond to future climate change. Because data are lacking for many species, most studies that model future reef growth rely on uniform scleractinian calcification sensitivities to temperature and ocean acidification. In order to address this knowledge gap, calcification of twelve common and understudied Caribbean coral species was measured for two months under crossed temperatures (27°C, 30.3°C) and CO2 partial pressures (pCO2) (400, 900, 1300 µatm). Mixed effects models of calcification for each species were then used to project community-level scleractinian calcification using Florida Keys reef composition data and IPCC AR5 ensemble climate model data. Three of the four most abundant species, Orbicella faveolata, Montastraea cavernosa, and Porites astreoides, had negative calcification responses to both elevated temperature and pCO2. In the business-as-usual CO2 emissions scenario, reefs with high abundances of these species had projected end-of-century declines in scleractinian calcification of 〉50% relative to present-day rates. Siderastrea siderea, the other most-common species, was insensitive to both temperature and pCO2 within the levels tested here. Reefs dominated by this species had the most stable end-of-century growth. Under more optimistic scenarios of reduced CO2 emissions, calcification rates throughout the Florida Keys declined 〈20% by 2100. Under the most extreme emissions scenario, projected declines were highly variable among reefs, ranging 10 to 100%. Without considering bleaching, reef growth will likely decline on most reefs, especially where resistant species like S. siderea are not already dominant. This study demonstrates how species composition influences reef community responses to climate change and how reduced CO2 emissions can limit future declines in reef calcification.
Keywords:
Acropora cervicornis; Agaricia agaricites; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Calcification/Dissolution; Calcification rate of calcium carbonate; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, partial pressure, standard deviation; Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; Colony number/ID; Comment; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); Coulometry; Dichocoenia stokesii; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Identification; Laboratory experiment; Location; Montastraea cavernosa; North Atlantic; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Orbicella faveolata; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Porites astreoides; Porites divaricata; Potentiometric titration; Pseudodiploria clivosa; Pseudodiploria strigosa; Registration number of species; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Siderastrea radians; Siderastrea siderea; Solenastrea hyades; Species; Species interaction; Temperate; Temperature; Temperature, standard deviation; Temperature, water; Treatment; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference
Type:
Dataset
Format:
text/tab-separated-values, 37859 data points
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