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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies of the structural properties of electrode materials in operating battery cells (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 194-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Hard x rays from a synchrotron source were utilized in diffraction experiments which probed the bulk of electrode materials while they were operating in situ in battery cells. Two technologically relevant electrode materials were examined; an AB2-type anode in a nickel–metal–hydride cell and a LiMn2O4 cathode in a Li-ion "rocking chair'' cell. Structural features such as lattice expansions and contractions, phase transitions, and the formation of multiple phases were easily observed as either hydrogen or lithium was electrochemically intercalated in and out of the electrode materials. The relevance of this technique for future studies of battery electrode materials is discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.117369
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Poly(heterocycle) Langmuir-Blodgett films (1989)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Langmuir 5 (1989), S. 1288-1292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5827
    Quelle: ACS Legacy Archives
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la00090a002
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Temperature dependence of ion pairing of a potassium salt in nonaqueous liquid and polymer electrolytes: X-ray absorption studies (1994)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 101 (1994), S. 3230-3233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy was used to study the effect of temperature on ion pairing of a potassium salt in a modified carbonate (MC3) solution and in a poly(ethylene oxide)-potassium salt complex that used MC3 as a plasticizer. The modified carbonate was made by attaching three ethylene oxide units to the four position of ethylene carbonate. Spectra were obtained, at the K edge of potassium, over the temperature range of 25–110 °C. Studies of reference systems showed a correlation between ion pairing and white line splitting in the near-edge region of the spectra. The degree of white line splitting was used as a qualitative indicator of the degree of ion pairing as a function of temperature. The results indicate that, in both systems, the number of ion pairs increases with increasing temperature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.467569
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In situ XAS of the reaction mechanism of lithium with tin-based composite oxide glass (1999)
    Chester : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Journal of synchrotron radiation 6 (1999), S. 596-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5775
    Quelle: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0909049598017026
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Unstable interannual oscillation modes in a linearized coupled ocean-atmosphere model and their associations with ENSO (1997)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 62 (1997), S. 161-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geographie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary By using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model with an oceanic surface boundary layer, including linear atmospheric and oceanic dynamics and linearized SST prognostic equation with respect to spatially varying climatological background states, we have investigated the eigenvalue problem of the linearized coupled system in the tropical Pacific, including the characteristic periods, horizontal structures, temporal-spatial evolution and instability of the unstable interannual oscillation characteristic modes and their associations with ENSO. The main results show that the quasi-biennial (QB) oscillation was found to act as the most unstable mode in the tropical Pacific coupled air-sea system. Only the most unstable QB mode displays the ENSO-like structure and temporalspatial evolution, and its existence seems likely to have no essential dependence on the climatological annual cycle (AC). Unfortunately, from the linearized coupled system we have not derived a most unstable mode relevant to the observed principle mode with the preferred 3–4 year lower-frequency (LF) oscillation period in the real world ENSO variability. Therefore, we infer that the LF mode would likely result from certain nonlinear interaction, in which the QB mode that acts as the shortest ENSO cycle could be fundamentally important. Also, we believe that the results in present work could be helpful to fully understand the multiple time scales and the associated mechanism responsible for the real world ENSO variability.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01029700
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Convex composite multi-objective nonsmooth programming (1993)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 59 (1993), S. 325-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Composite functions ; nonsmooth programming ; multi-objective problems ; necessary and sufficient conditions ; scalarizations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper examines nonsmooth constrained multi-objective optimization problems where the objective function and the constraints are compositions of convex functions, and locally Lipschitz and Gâteaux differentiable functions. Lagrangian necessary conditions, and new sufficient optimality conditions for efficient and properly efficient solutions are presented. Multi-objective duality results are given for convex composite problems which are not necessarily convex programming problems. Applications of the results to new and some special classes of nonlinear programming problems are discussed. A scalarization result and a characterization of the set of all properly efficient solutions for convex composite problems are also discussed under appropriate conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581251
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ENSO cycle in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model and its negative feedback mechanism (1996)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 61 (1996), S. 153-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geographie , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A coupled ocean-atmosphere anomaly model has been developed for simulating ENSO cycle and its mechanism-study in this paper. After a long model run, the coupled model is successful in demonstrating ENSO-like irregular interannual variability and corresponding horizontal spatial structures. Based on the simulated results, the dynamics and the thermodynamics of the model ENSO cycle have been investigated, and in particular the negative feedback mechanisms that act to oppose instability of air-sea interaction, inducing termination of warm and cold events, have been examined. A detailed analysis of the oceanic wave dynamical properties and heat budget of the SST changes in a representative cycle suggest that the negative feedback mechanism to check the unstable growth of a warm event obviously differs from that of a cold event. The mechanism that induces decay and termination of a cold event is closely related to the negative, delayed feedback effect produced by the oceanic dynamical wave reflection at the western boundary. However, independent of the wave reflection effect, the negative feedback mechanism by which the coupled system returns from a warm event is associated with a slowly eastward-propagating coupling mode. Accompanied with the strong unstable development of the equatorial positive SST anomaly, the anomalous upwelling of cold water generated off the equator and the nonlinear anomalous meridional advection generated in the equator west of instability area jointly restrain the instability and finally plunge the system from a mature warm phase into a weak cold phase. A comparison between the results from the present model and the previous works is also discussed in this paper.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01025703
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Generalized convex functions and vector variational inequalities (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 79 (1993), S. 563-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Schlagwort(e): Generalized convex functions ; generalized vector variational inequalities ; multi-objective programming problems ; necessary and sufficient conditions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper, (α, φ,Q)-invexity is introduced, where α:X ×X → intR m + , φ:X ×X →X,X is a Banach space,Q is a convex cone ofR m . This unifies the properties of many classes of functions, such asQ-convexity, pseudo-linearity, representation condition, null space condition, andV-invexity. A generalized vector variational inequality is considered, and its equivalence with a multi-objective programming problem is discussed using (α, φ,Q)-invexity. An existence theorem for the solution of a generalized vector variational inequality is proved. Some applications of (α, φ,Q)-invexity to multi-objective programming problems and to a special kind of generalized vector variational inequality are given.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940559
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Generalized second-order characterizations of convex functions (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 82 (1994), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Schlagwort(e): Second-order upper Dini-directional derivative ; secondorder characterizations ; convex function
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We introduce a second-order upper Dini-directional derivative and obtain a second-order characterization for a continuously Gâteaux differentiable function to be a convex function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02191788
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On Vector Variational Inequalities: Application to Vector Equilibria (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 95 (1997), S. 431-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Schlagwort(e): Vector variational inequalities ; vector optimization ; flow equilibria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We motivate the study of a vector variational inequality by a practical flow equilibrium problem on a network, namely a generalization of the well-known Wardrop equilibrium principle. Both weak and strong forms of the vector variational inequality are discussed and their relationships to a vector optimization problem are established under various convexity assumptions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022647607947
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