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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Long-term growth at elevated carbon dioxide stimulates methane emission in tropical paddy rice (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Global change biology 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Geographie
    Notizen: Recent anthropogenic emissions of key atmospheric trace gases (e.g. CO2 and CH4) which absorb infra-red radiation may lead to an increase in mean surface temperatures and potential changes in climate. Although sources of each gas have been evaluated independently, little attention has focused on potential interactions between gases which could influence emission rates. In the current experiment, the effect of enhanced CO2 (300 μL L–1 above ambient) and/or air temperature (4 °C above ambient) on methane generation and emission were determined for the irrigated tropical paddy rice system over 3 consecutive field seasons (1995 wet and dry seasons 1996 dry season). For all three seasons, elevated CO2 concentration resulted in a significant increase in dissolved soil methane relative to the ambient control. Consistent with the observed increases in soil methane, measurements of methane flux per unit surface area during the 1995 wet and 1996 dry seasons also showed a significant increase at elevated carbon dioxide concentration relative to the ambient CO2 condition (+49 and 60% for each season, respectively). Growth of rice at both increasing CO2 concentration and air temperature did not result in additional stimulation of either dissolved or emitted methane compared to growth at elevated CO2 alone. The observed increase in methane emissions were associated with a large, consistent, CO2-induced stimulation of root growth. Results from this experiment suggest that as atmospheric CO2 concentration increases, methane emissions from tropical paddy rice could increase above current projections.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00186.x
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The role of rice plants in regulating mechanisms of methane missions (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 20-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Methane production ; Methane oxidation ; Methane emission ; Rice fields ; Plant-mediated gas transfer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  Rice plants play a pivotal role in different levels of the methane (CH4) budget of rice fields. CH4 production in rice fields largely depends on plant-borne material that can be either decaying tissue or root exudates. The quantity and quality of root exudates is affected by mechanical impedance, presence of toxic elements, nutrient deficiencies, water status of growing medium, and nitrogenase activity in the rhizosphere. CH4 oxidation in rice fields is localized in the rhizosphere where the concentration gradients of CH4 and oxygen overlap. CH4 oxidation capacity is a function of the downward transport of oxygen through the aerenchyma, which, in turn, also acts as a conduit for CH4 from the soil to the atmosphere. The decisive step in the passage of CH4 through rice plant is the transition from root to stem. However, rice plants show an enormous variety of morphological and physiological properties, including differences in root exudation and gas transfer capacity. Comparative studies on different cultivars are deemed crucial for accomplishing a better understanding of the mechanisms of CH4 consumption in the rhizosphere and CH4 transport through the rice plant as well as the interaction of these processes. The results of such studies are considered tools for devising mitigation options.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050619
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Spatial and seasonal distribution of organic amendments affecting methane emission from Chinese rice fields (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Methane emission ; Wetland rice ; Fertilization ; Mitigation of greenhouse gases
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of fertilizers on methane emission rates was investigated using an automated closed chamber system in Chinese rice fields (Human Province). Each of three experiments compared two fields treated with a first uniform fertilizer dose and a second fertilizer dose which was different for each of the two fields. The uniform fertilizer doses for both fields in each experiment comprised mineral (experiment 1), organic (experiment 2) and combined mineral plus organic components (experiment 3). In all three experiments the second fertilizer dose comprised organic amendments for field 1 and no organic amendments for field 2. The rate of increase in methane emission with a given amount of organic manure was found to depend on the total amount of organic manure applied. A single dose of organic manure increased the emission rates by factors of 2.7 to 4.1 as compared to fields without organic manure (experiment 1). In rice fields that had already been treated with organic manure, the application of a second dose of organic manure only slightly enhanced the emission rates in experiment 2 by factors of 1.1 to 1.5 and showed no detectable increase in experiment 3. The net reduction achieved by separation of organic and mineral fertilizers was maximized by concentrating the organic amendments in the season with low emission rates, i.e. early rice, and using exclusively mineral fertilizers on late rice when emission rates were generally higher. This distribution pattern, which was not associated with significant yield losses, resulted in an annual methane emission corresponding to only 56% of the methane emitted from fields treated with blended fertilizers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00382511
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Spatial and seasonal distribution of organic amendments affecting methane emission from Chinese rice fields (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Methane emission ; Wetland rice ; Fertilization ; Mitigation of greenhouse gases
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of fertilizers +on methane emission rates was investigated using an automated closed chamber system in Chinese rice fields (Hunan Province). Each of three experiments compared two fields treated with a first uniform fertilizer dose and a second fertilizer dose which was different for each of the two fields. The uniform fertilizer doses for both fields in each experiment comprised mineral (experiment 1), organic (experiment 2) and combined mineral plus organic components (experiment 3). In all three experiments the second fertilizer dose comprised organic amendments for field 1 and no organic amendments for field 2. The rate of increase in methane emission with a given amount of organic manure was found to depend on the total amount of organic manure applied. A single dose of organic manure increased the emission rates by factors of 2.7 to 4.1 as compared to fields without organic manure (experiment 1). In rice fields that had already been treated with organic manure, the application of a second dose of organic manure only slightly enhanced the emission rates in experiment 2 by factors of 1.1 to 1.5 and showed no detectable increase in experiment 3. The net reduction achieved by separation of organic and mineral fertilizers was maximized by concentrating the organic amendments in the season with low emission rates, i.e. early rice, and using exclusively mineral fertilizers on late rice when emission rates were generally higher. This distribution pattern, which was not associated with significant yield losses, resulted in an annual methane emission corresponding to only 56% of the methane emitted from fields treated with blended fertilizers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050097
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization of Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. II. Differences among Irrigated, Rainfed, and Deepwater Rice (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): water regime ; soil aeration ; mineral fertilizer ; rainfall ; acid sulfate soil ; soil pH ; Indonesia ; Thailand ; Philippines ; mitigation options
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Methane (CH4) emission rates were recorded automatically using the closed chamber technique in major rice-growing areas of Southeast Asia. The three experimental sites covered different ecosystems of wetland rice--irrigated, rainfed, and deepwater rice--using only mineral fertilizers (for this comparison). In Jakenan (Indonesia), the local water regime in rainfed rice encompassed a gradual increase (wet season) and a gradual decrease (dry season) in floodwater levels. Emission rates accumulated to 52 and 91 kg CH4 ha−1 season−1 corresponding to approximately 40% of emissions from irrigated rice in each season. Distinct drainage periods within the season can drastically reduce CH4 emissions to less than 30 kg CH4 ha−1 season−1 as shown in Los Baños (Philippines). The reduction effect of this water regime as compared with irrigated rice varied from 20% to 80% from season to season. Methane fluxes from deepwater rice in Prachinburi (Thailand) were lower than from irrigated rice but accumulated to equally high seasonal values, i.e., about 99 kg CH4 ha−1 season−1, due to longer seasons and assured periods of flooding. Rice ecosystems with continuous flooding were characterized by anaerobic conditions in the soil. These conditions commonly found in irrigated and deepwater rice favored CH4 emissions. Temporary aeration of flooded rice soils, which is generic in rainfed rice, reduced emission rates due to low CH4 production and high CH4 oxidation. Based on these findings and the global distribution of rice area, irrigated rice accounts globally for 70–80% of CH4 from the global rice area. Rainfed rice (about 15%) and deepwater rice (about 10%) have much lower shares. In turn, irrigated rice represents the most promising target for mitigation strategies. Proper water management could reduce CH4 emission without affecting yields.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009822030832
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Methane Emissions and Mitigation Options in Irrigated Rice Fields in Southeast China (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 65-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): midseason drainage ; pig manure ; rice straw ; biogas residues ; cultivars ; winter fallow ; dissolved methane
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Methane (CH4) emissions from rice fields were monitored in Hangzhou, China, from 1995 to 1998 by an automatic measurement system based on the "closed chamber technique." The impacts of water management, organic inputs, and cultivars on CH4 emission were evaluated. Under the local crop management system, seasonal emissions ranging from 53 to 557 kg CH4 ha−1 were observed with an average value of 182 kg CH4 ha−1. Methane emission patterns differed among rice seasons and were generally governed by temperature changes. Emissions showed an increasing trend in early rice and a decreasing trend in late rice. In a single rice field, CH4 emissions increased during the first half of the growing period and decreased during the second half. Drainage was a major modifier of seasonal CH4 emission pattern. The local practice of midseason drainage reduced CH4 emissions by 44% as compared with continuous flooding; CH4 emissions could further be reduced by intermittent irrigation, yielding a 30% reduction as compared with midseason drainage. The incorporation of organic amendments promoted CH4 emission, but the amount of emission varied with the type of organic material and application method. Methane emission from fields where biogas residue was applied was 10–16% lower than those given the same quantity (based on N content) of pig manure. Rice straw applied before the winter fallow period reduced CH4 emission by 11% as compared with that obtained from fields to which the same amount of rice straw was applied during field preparation. Broadcasting of straw instead of incorporation into the soil showed less emission (by 12%). Cultivar selection influenced CH4 emission, but the differences were smaller than those among organic treatments and water regimes. Modifications in water regime and organic inputs were identified as promising mitigation options in southeast China.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009830232650
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Four-Year Record of Methane Emissions from Irrigated Rice Fields in the Beijing Region of China (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): methane emission ; rice fields ; water management ; organic manure ; rice cultivar ; organic amendment ; mitigation options
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Methane (CH4) emissions from irrigated rice fields were measured using an automatic sampling-measuring system with a closed chamber method in 1995–98. Average emission rates ranged from 11 to 364 mg m−2 d−1 depending on season, water regime, and fertilizer application. Crop management typical for this region (i.e., midseason drainage and organic/mineral fertilizer application) resulted in emission of 279 and 139 mg CH4 m−2 d−1 in 1995 and 1997, respectively. This roughly corresponds to emissions observed in other rice-growing areas of China. Emissions were very intense during the tillering stage, which accounted for 85% of total annual emission, but these were suppressed by low temperature in the late stage of the season. The local irrigation practice of drying at mid-season reduced emission rates by 23%, as compared with continuous flooding. Further reduction of CH4 emissions could be attained by (1) alternate flooding/drying, (2) shifting the drainage period to an earlier stage, or (3) splitting drainage into two phases (of which one is in an earlier stage). Emission rates were extremely sensitive to organic amendments: seasonal emissions from fields treated with pig manure were 15–35 times higher than those treated with ammonium sulfate in the corresponding season. On the basis of identical carbon inputs, CH4 emission potential varied among organic amendments. Rice straw had higher emissions than cattle manure but lower emissions than pig manure. Use of cultivar Zhongzhuo (modern japonica) reduced CH4 emission by 56% and 50%, in 1995 and 1997, respectively, as compared with Jingyou (japonica hybrid) and Zhonghua (tall japonica). The results give evidence that CH4 emissions from rice fields in northern China can be reduced by a package of crop management options without affecting yields.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009878115811
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mechanisms of Crop Management Impact on Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Los Baños, Philippines (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): rainfed ; irrigated ; midtillering drainage ; organic amendments ; green manure cultivars ; ebullition ; dissolved methane ; mitigation options
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This article comprises 4 yr of field experiments on methane (CH4) emissions from rice fields conducted at Los Baños, Philippines. The experimental layout allowed automated measurements of CH4 emissions as affected by water regime, soil amendments (mineral and organic), and cultivars. In addition to emission records over 24 h, ebullition and dissolved CH4 in soil solution were recorded in weekly intervals. Emission rates varied in a very wide range from 5 to 634 kg CH4 ha−1, depending on season and crop management. In the 1994 and 1996 experiments, field drying at midtillering reduced CH4 emissions by 15–80% as compared with continuous flooding, without a significant effect on grain yield. The net impact of midtillering drainage was diminished when (i) rainfall was strong during the drainage period and (ii) emissions were suppressed by very low levels of organic substrate in the soil. Five cultivars were tested in the 1995 dry and wet season. The cultivar IR72 gave higher CH4 emissions than the other cultivars including the new plant type (IR65597) with an enhanced yield potential. Incorporation of rice straw into the soil resulted in an early peak of CH4 emission rates. About 66% of the total seasonal emission from rice straw-treated plots was emitted during the vegetative stage. Methane fluxes generated from the application of straw were 34 times higher than those generated with the use of urea. Application of green manure (Sesbania rostrata) gave only threefold increase in emission as compared with urea-treated plots. Application of ammonium sulfate significantly reduced seasonal emission as compared with urea application. Correlation between emissions and combined dissolved CH4 concentrations (from 0 to 20 cm) gave a significant R2 of 0.95 (urea + rice straw), and 0.93 (urea + Sesbania), whereas correlation with dissolved CH4 in the inorganically fertilized soils was inconsistent. A highly significant correlation (R2 =0.93) existed between emission and ebullition from plots treated with rice straw. These findings may stimulate further development of diagnostic tools for easy and reliable determination of CH4 emission potentials under different crop management practices.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009838401699
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. I. Model Development (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 141-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): methane ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; anaerobic ; model ; simulation ; carbon dynamics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The development of the MERES (Methane Emissions in Rice EcoSystems) model for simulating methane (CH4) emissions from rice fields is described. The CERES-Rice crop simulation model was used as a basis, employing the existing routines simulating soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition to predict the amount of subsrate available for methanogenesis. This was linked to an existing submodel, described elsewhere in this volume (Arah & Kirk, 2000), which calculates steady-state fluxes and concentrations of CH4 and O2 in flooded soils. Extra routines were also incorporated to simulate the influence of the combined pool of alternative electron acceptors in the soil (i.e., NO3 −, Mn4+, Fe3+, SO4 2−) on CH4 production. The rate of substrate supply is calculated in the SOM routines of the CERES-Rice model from (a) the rate of decomposition of soil organic material including that left from the previous crop and any additions of organic matter, (b) root exudates (modified from the original CERES-Rice model using recent laboratory data), and (c) the decomposition of dead roots from the current crop. A fraction of this rate of substrate supply, determined by the concentration of the oxidized form of the alternative electron acceptor pool, is converted to CO2 by bacteria which outcompete the methanogenic bacteria, thereby suppressing CH4 production. Any remaining fraction of the substrate supply rate is assumed to be potentially available for methanogenesis. The CH4 dynamics submodel uses this potetial methanogenesis rate, along with a description of the root length distribution in the soil profile supplied by the crop model, to calculate the steady-state concentrations and fluxes of O2 and CH4. The reduced form of the alternative electron acceptor pool is allowed to reoxidize when soil pores fill with air if the field is drained. The MERES model was able to explain well the seasonal patterns of CH4 emissions in an experiment involving mid- and end-season drainage and additions of organic material at IRRI in the Philippines.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009894619446
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. III. Databases (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 179-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): climate change ; databases ; GIS ; methane ; rice ; soils ; weather
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract As part of a series of papers describing the use of a simulation model to extrapolate experimental measurements of methane (CH4) emissions from rice fields in Asia and to evaluate the large-scale effect of various mitigation strategies, the collation and derivation of the spatial databases used are described. Daily weather data, including solar radiation, minimum and maximum temperatures, and rainfall were collated from 46 weather stations from the five countries in the study, namely China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand. Quantitative soil data relevant to the input requirements of the model were derived by combining data from the World Inventory of Soil Emissions (WISE) database, the ISIS database, and the FAO Digital Soil Map of the World (FAO-DSMW). These data included soil pH; organic carbon content; sand, silt, and clay fractions; and iron content for top and subsoil layers, and average values of bulk density and available water capacity for the whole profile. Data on the areas allocated to irrigated, rainfed, upland, and deepwater rice at the province or district level were derived from the Huke & Huke (1997) database developed at IRRI. Using a geographical information system (GIS), a series of georeferenced data sets on climate, soils, and land use were derived for each country, at the province or district level. A summary of the soil-related derived databases is presented and their applicationn for use in global change modeling discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009898720354
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