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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 62 (1991), S. 2205-2212 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: A theoretical analysis of standing waves in a pipe with flow was conducted aimed toward the development of a flowmeter based on a measurement of phase difference between two points on the circumference of a pipe separated axially by an integral multiple of half sound wavelength. Effects of nonzero Mach number, variable ratios of upstream and downstream running waves, choice of location of the sensing pressure taps, and the incorrect spacings were examined numerically. Calculations were also made for steam flow where the maximum Mach number is much smaller than in cold air flows. For an industrial application where steam flow velocities are below 50 m/s, a very accurate sensor is shown to be possible. Experimental data were obtained by using an active aeroacoustic source over the range of 50 m/s to zero in an air flow. Experimental phase plots obtained from several coast-down tests have been compared with analytical results. The agreement with theory is excellent when the spacings are near Nλ/2 and the sensing locations are near the pressure antinodes. Otherwise, some zero shifts are introduced. Theory predicts that for steam flow much better results can be expected because the maximum Mach number is much smaller. Effects due to the (1−M2) factor would be imperceptible for steam flow.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 1518-1521 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Density measurements can be made in a gas contained in an enclosure by measuring the sound pressure level at a receiver located near a dipole source driven at constant velocity amplitude at low frequencies. Analytical results are given in terms of geometrical parameters, wave numbers, and source type for simple model problems and compared with data available in a paper by Haran [Tech. Mess. 50, 43 (1983)].
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 1958-1965 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: The lignin content of wood, paper, pulp, or other materials containing lignin (such as filter paper soaked in black liquor) is readily determined by flash pyrolysis of the sample at approximately 550 °C in a reducing atmosphere of hydrogen or in an inert atmosphere of helium followed by a rapid analysis of the product gas by a mass spectrometer. The heated pyrolysis unit as fabricated, comprises a small platinum cup welded to an electrically heated stainless-steel ribbon with control units for programmed short duration (1.5 s, approximately) heating and for continuous flow of hydrogen or helium. The pyrolysis products enter an electron-ionization-mode mass spectrometer for spectral evaluation. Lignin content is obtained from certain ratios of integrated ion currents of many mass spectral lines, the ratios being linearly related to the Kappa number or Klason lignin. The Kappa number can be obtained from a few milligram sample in 3 min which is at least ten times faster than a Kappa number determination by the Standard Chemical Method. The present instrument can measure Kappa numbers in the whole range from 0 to 200 without any readjustments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 3081-3083 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: A simple circuit for the measurement of phase difference between two noisy sine waves is described. The circuit locks over a wide range of frequencies and produces an output proportional to the phase difference of signals that vary rather rapidly.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 16 (1982), S. 35-44 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der thermischen Einlauflänge, die polymere Zersetzung und die Lösungsmittelchemie wurden als wichtige Einflußgrößen bei der Bestimmung des Widerstandes und Wärmeüberganges bei turbulenter Rohrströmung von viskoelastischen Fluiden erkannt. Für Lösungen mit relativ hoher Konzentration wurden die minimalen asymptotischen Wärmeübergangszahlen in der thermischen Einlaufstrecke und der voll ausgebildeten Strömung experimentell ermittelt. Folgende Gleichungen beschreiben den Wärmeübergang: $$\begin{gathered} j_H = 0.13\left( {\frac{x}{d}} \right)^{ - 0.24} \operatorname{Re} _a^{ - 0.45} f\ddot ur das thermische Einlaufgebiet \hfill \\ x/d〈 450 \hfill \\ j_H = 0.03 \operatorname{Re} _a^{ - 0.45} f\ddot ur die ausgebildete Str\ddot omung \hfill \\ x/d〈 450 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ Bei verdünnten Polymerlösungen ist der Wärmeübergang eine Funktion vonx/d, der Re-Zahl und der Polymerkonzentration. Die Reynolds-Analogie zwischen Impuls- und Wärmetransport, die in der Literatur häufig auf Newtonsche Fluide angewendet wird, ist nicht anwendbar bei widerstandsreduzierenden, viskoelastischen Fluiden.
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of thermal entrance length, polymer degradation and solvent chemistry were found to be critically important in the determination of the drag and heat transfer behavior of viscoelastic fluids in turbulent pipe flow. The minimum heat transfer asymptotic values in the thermally developing and in the fully developed regions were experimentally determined for relatively high concentration solutions of heat transfer resulting in the following correlations: $$\begin{gathered} j_H = 0.13\left( {\frac{x}{d}} \right)^{ - 0.24} \operatorname{Re} _a^{ - 0.45} thermally developing region \hfill \\ x/d〈 450 \hfill \\ j_H = 0.03 \operatorname{Re} _a^{ - 0.45} thermally developed region \hfill \\ x/d〈 450 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ For dilute polymer solutions the heat transfer is a function ofx/d, the Reynolds number and the polymer concentration. The Reynolds analogy between momentum and heat transfer which has been widely used in the literature for Newtonian fluids is found not to apply in the case of drag-reducing viscoelastic fluids.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 7 (1986), S. 53-63 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): non-Newtonian fluid ; polyacrylamide ; polymer ; rheology ; viscoelasticity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Experimental measurements of the friction factor and the dimensionless heat-transfer j-factor were carried out for the turbulent pipe flow of viscoelastic aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide. The studies covered a wide range of variables including polymer concentration, polymer and solvent chemistry, pipe diameter, and flow rate. Degradation effects were also studied. It is concluded that the friction factor and the dimensionless heat transfer are functions only of the Reynolds number, the Weissenberg number, and the dimensionless distance, provided that the rheology of the flowing fluid is used.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 1989-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Digitale ISSN: 1089-7623
    Thema: Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 1990-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Digitale ISSN: 1089-7623
    Thema: Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 1990-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Digitale ISSN: 1089-7623
    Thema: Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 1991-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Digitale ISSN: 1089-7623
    Thema: Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
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