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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Significance of leaf longevity in plants (1999)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Plant species biology 14 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: The cost–benefit model of leaf life span is extended by incorporating the cost of construction and maintenance of supporting structures, such as shoots and roots. Published data on leaf longevities were reviewed, and they support qualitative predictions of optimal leaf life span based on the present model. In relation to life form, leaf life span increases in the following sequence, due to increasing costs of support structures: floating leaves of aquatic plants 〈 annual herbs 〈 perennial herbs 〈 deciduous trees. Within species, leaf life span increases with plant size as support costs per unit of leaf increase. This prediction is supported by comparisons of seedlings and adults of temperate trees. These results suggest that the construction and maintenance costs of supporting structures significantly influence life span of individual leaves. Leaf longevity, in turn, connects the ecophysiology of the individual leaf to growth of the individual plant and energy and matter cycling at the ecosystem level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-1984.1999.00005.x
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Flowering and Fruiting Phenology of Magnolia hypoleuca (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant species biology 5 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The floral biology of Magnolia hypoleuca, a tall tree species widely distributed in Japan, was studied in a deciduous broad-leaved forest in Hokkaido near the northern limit of distribution of the species. The flower is large, protogynous and nectarless. Its petals close after the female stage and again after the male stage. The mean duration of flowering of an individual flower is 3–4 days, while the flowering period of an individual tree lasts up to 40 days. The main pollinators of the flowers were beetles. Success of pollination is assumed to be affected by weather conditions at anthesis. Average fruit sets (ratios of fruits to flowers) were 13–25%. Hand-pollination of 44 flowers produced a significantly higher fruit set (28 fruits) than control flowers (33/133). These results suggest that the fruit set is limited by pollination. The frequency of infertile ovules was higher in controls than in hand-pollinated fruits, indicating that the seed set was also limited by pollination. We propose a mimicry hypothesis in which the non-rewarding female-stage flower mimics the rewarding male-stage flower to explain the short life-span of an individual flower, the long flowering period of an individual tree, and the coexistence of flowers of various stages on a single tree.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1990.tb00185.x
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differentiation of the timing of flower abortion in Tilia japonica (2000)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Publishing Asia
    Plant species biology 15 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: The sex expression of Tilia japonica is functional andromonoecy (an andromonoecious system with abortion of perfect flowers). Some of protandrous flowers are aborted after shedding pollen grains and thus are functionally male flowers (FMF). When both male and female organs are retained in a flower, the plants can more flexibly regulate sex allocation, or resource allocation to male and female functions than true andromonoecious plants, which is considered as an adaptive significance of functional andromonoecy. However, the plants have to pay some costs of female organ in FMF. For functional andromonoecious plants, there is a conflict between flexibility and cost in determining the timing of flower abortion, or arrest investing in female functions in a flower. We clarified that (i) differentiation of the timing of flower abortion caused two types of FMF: short-style (SS) and normal-style (NS) flowers; (ii) SS can be produced at a lower cost than NS, and (iii) plants having NS can flexibly regulate sex allocation following a sudden change in conditions. Hence, we concluded that differentiation of the timing of flower abortion makes a compromise of the conflict. We also found that NS is more frequent than SS, and we discuss the adaptive significance of keeping potential fertility.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-1984.2000.00039.x
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cryptic andromonoecy in Tilia japonica implicated by flower abortion (1999)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Plant species biology 14 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Tilia japonica Simonkai has morphologically perfect flowers with stamens and a pistil. However, some flowers fall without developing into immature fruits. We clarified that: (i) the flower abscission is a facultative abortion, (an abscission layer was observed at the base of the stalk of aborted flowers); (ii) fallen flowers have functional stamens (the flowers are protandrous and they had shed germinable pollen grains before the flower abscission); and (iii) fallen flowers have a non-functional pistil (they were abscised before stigma opening). The aborted flowers were functional male flowers, although they were morphologically perfect. Hence, the functional sex expression of T. japonica is andromonoecous having both perfect and male flowers within an individual tree.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-1984.1999.00013.x
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Proximate Limitations to Fruit and Seed Set in Phellodendron amurense var. sachalinense (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant species biology 6 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Fruit and seed set in a dioecious tree, Phellodendron amurense var. sachalinense grown in isolation, were studied for three years in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Hand pollination did not affect fruit set during the three years, but did affect seed-set by increasing the proportion of fruits with higher seed numbers. Artificial defoliation resulted in decreased mean seed mass, but caused no significant differences in mean seed number per fruit. Total seed mass per infructescence increased with inflorescence size except with artificial defoliation where it reached an upper limit. Although the results of the artificial defoliation treatment indicate that resources are most important for fruit and seed set, it is concluded that fruit and seed set of the tree are not limited by resources, since the number of fruits increased with inflorescence size and an artificial defoliation treatment did not decrease seed-number.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1991.tb00208.x
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Leaf Survivals of Tree Species in Deciduous Broad-Leaved Forests (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant species biology 3 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Leaf survival patterns of tall trees, small trees and shrubs were surveyed in temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests in northern Japan. Leaves of tall trees which constitute the crown layer of the forest emerge simultaneously in spring as a flush and also fall simultaneously in autumn. This was considered to be a “competitive type” of leaf survival strategy. Species which invade open sites near rivers show a “succeeding type” of leaf-emergence and leaf-fall. Their leaf longevities are short. They are pioneer strategists and are assumed to use abundant resources luxuriously by shedding older low-efficient leaves and producing new, high-efficient leaves. Intermediate between the two is a type considered to be adapted to light gaps in forests. Leaf longevities of species in forest understorys where shade stress prevails were long. To prolong leaf longevity is the method to utilize limited resource efficiently. Three strategies based on the two axes of stress and disturbance were applied to the leaf survival patterns of trees. Environmental conditions around a tree change with height growth of the tree. Leaf survival patterns also change with the development of trees. A three-dimensional graph model which expresses such changes as a function of tree-height is presented. Mean longevities of leaves compared between 1-year-old seedlings and adults revealed that differences between the two were larger in “intermediate type” species than for succeeding or flush type species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1988.tb00172.x
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The basis for variation in leaf longevity of plants (1995)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 121 (1995), S. 89-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Schlagwort(e): Deciduous ; Evergreen ; Leaf habit ; Phenology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Any theory of leaf phenology must predict leaf longevity, leaf habit, leaf expansion and its timing among other variables. These phenological traits may be important keys to understand the response of trees to climatic change. Here I concentrate on and review two of these critical phenological traits, leaf longevity and leaf habit. Theories of leaf longevity were re-evaluated and leaf longevity is concluded to be optimized to maximize plant carbon gain. From this perspective, three points are predicted. Leaf longevity is short when the photosynthetic rate of the leaf is high, when the photosynthetic rate decreases rapidly through time, or when the construction cost of the leaf is small. These predictions are well supported by empirical as well as experimental results on various plant species. The theory, which is extended to seasonal environments, is general and applicable to seasonal as well as aseasonal environments. The theory simulated the bimodal geographic distribution of evergreenness.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044675
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Importance of seed size for the establishment of seedlings of five deciduous broad-leaved tree species (1996)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 123 (1996), S. 51-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Schlagwort(e): Gap size ; Leaf dynamics ; Litter accumulation ; Seasonal changes in light conditions ; Seedling emergence ; Seedling survival
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of seed size and phenology on the establishment of five deciduous broad-leaved tree species were examined in deciduous woodland. Treatments included absence and presence of litter in the forest understory, a small gap, and a large gap. Seedling emergence of large-seeded speciesQuercus mongolica var.grosseserrata andAcer mono was not reduced by accumulation of litter in the forest understory, but was promoted in the large gap where litter was less. Seedling emergence of small-seeded species,Alnus hirsuta, Cercidiphyllum japonicum andBetula platyphylla var.japonica, was reduced by the litter in almost all of the sites. Seedlings of large-seeded species avoid shade stress phenologically by unfolding all of their large leaves in a short period before canopy closure in the forest understory. These species had little mortality after seedling emergence. In contrast, small-seeded species have a longer duration of leaf emergence, shorter leaf longevity, and rapid leaf turnover in all the sites. These seedlings attained similar height to those of the large-seeded species at the end of the second year in the large gap, but survival and height growth rate decreased after canopy closure in the forest understory. We suggest that the importance of seed size in determining seedling establishment largely depends on the relationships between seasonal changes of environmental conditions and phenological traits of seedlings, which are related to seed size.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044887
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Geographical distribution of leaf life span and species diversity of trees simulated by a leaf-longevity model (1996)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 122 (1996), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Schlagwort(e): Altitudinal distribution ; Deciduousness ; Evergreenness ; Latitudinal distribution ; Monsoon Asia ; Number of trees species
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The leaf life span, leaf habit (evergreenness and deciduousness), and species diversity of trees were simulated by a cost-benefit model of leaf longevity (Kikuzawa 1991), using monthly mean temperature values and their decreasing rate with altitude of 6°C with 1000 m of sites of different latitude and altitude in eastern Asia. Numbers of tree species in tropical regions with different lengths of favorable period for photosynthesis were also simulated. The following results were obtained by the model simulation. 1. In tropical areas, evergreen forests predominate from lowlands to the altitudinal limit of forests. 2. However, leaf longevity is shorter in the lowland than that at a higher altitude. 3. Percentages of deciduousness are high in mid latitude, and the percentages of evergreenness again increase in even higher latitude, resulting in a bimodal distribution in percentages of evergreenness with increasing latitudes. 4. Altitudinal distribution of percentages of evergreenness and deciduousness in mid latitude duplicates the latitudinal distribution. In low altitudes, percentages of evergreenness are high. But in mid altitudes, percentages of deciduousness become high, in even higher altitudes, however, evergreenness again predominates. 5. Number of species is highest in the non-seasonal tropical region and decreases towards seasonal tropics and higher altitudes and latitudes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052816
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Patterns in Size-Related Variations in Current-Year Shoot Structure in Eight Deciduous Tree Species (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of plant research 112 (1999), S. 343-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords: Leaf area, Leaf display index, Long shoot, Shoot function, Short shoot, Stem length
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: SL ) and leaf display index (LDI: the ratio of leaf area to stem length) of current-year shoots are compared for eight deciduous tree species. Two patterns were found in the relationships. In seven species (Acer mono, Aesculus turbinata, Betula grossa, Carpinus tschonoskii, Fagus crenata, Pterocarya rhoifolia, and Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata), LDI decreased exponentially with SL, which suggests that short current-year shoots favor leaf-display over space-acquisition, and the reverse for long current-year shoots. The decrease in LDI was much greater and sharper in B. grossa, which shows apparent differentiation of short and long shoots, than in the other six species, which do not show such differentiation. In another species that shows no differentiation of short and long shoots, Clerodendron trichotomum, LDI increased linearly and gradually with SL. This suggests that its long current-year shoots are superior to its short current-year shoots for both space-acquisition and leaf-display, and that the structural variation in its current-year shoots is small. The diverse patterns in the relationships between SL and LDI of current-year shoots are related to the variations among current-year shoots in the mean leaf number per unit stem length and the mean individual leaf area.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00013862
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