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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical characterization of three-dimensional surface and bulk anisotropy in high refractive index polymers (1992)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 32 (1992), S. 1358-1365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interest in the development of polymeric materials for high temperature, electronic and microelectronic applications has led to an increasing number of new polymers. Many of these polymers have complex organic ring structures and semirigid backbones, characteristics that have posed some difficulties for structural analysis. The purpose of this paper is to test and compare two practical nondestructive optical techniques, polarized optical microscopy and polarized refractometry, for the determination of three-dimensional surface and bulk anisotropy in these advanced materials. The optical techniques are first tested on a series of optically homogeneous uniaxially oriented isotactic polypropylene films and then applied to the analysis of high refractive index Kapton (PMDA-ODA) polyimide films. The study includes a test of the validity of the compensator method, including the effect of fringe jumping, the use of polymer retarders, and the tilting technique of Stein.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760321804
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid-state characterization of the structure and deformation behavior of water-soluble hydroxypropylcelluloseThis paper was presented at the 156th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 1968. (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1197-1258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A modus operandi is developed for determining the molecular structure of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), and characterizing, in quantitative terms, the morphological changes occurring when a water-cast film of the polymer is deformed. This involves the application of the following eleven different physical measurements: wide-angle x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, density, melt rheometry, infrared spectroscopy, refractive index, birefringence, sonic modulus, small-angle light scattering, optical and electron microscopy. In addition, a computer was utilized as a mathematical diffractometer. Morphologically, water-cast HPC was observed to have structure at all levels, from the molecular to the supermolecular. The HPC molecule has a backbone of anhydroglucose units twisted into an irregular 31 helix. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the poly(propylene oxide) side chains leads to a stiff, rodlike molecule. The molecules are packed into microfibrillar crystallites 470 Å long and 34 Å in diameter. The microfibrils in turn, associate into supermolecular rodlike structures. The structural rearrangements that occur at each morphological level during deformation of HPC film are quantitatively examined and described.
    Additional Material: 36 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1969.160070705
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the structure and organization of β-form crystals in type III and type IV isotactic polypropylene spherulites (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 10 (1972), S. 385-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Anisotropic growth of β-form crystals of isotactic polypropylene in type III and type IV spherulites has made possible microanalysis of the unit cell structure, optical properties, and crystal arrangement within the spherulites. Micro x-ray studies of the type III and type IV spherulites show that interspherulitic β-form crystals have a hexagonal unit cell with dimensions; a = 19.08 Å and c = 6.49 Å. The intrinsic refractive indices of these β-form crystals are 1.506 along the a axis and 1.536 along the c axis. The organization of the crystals within the spherulites and the optical properties of the spherulites are also quantitatively evaluated. Both the type III and type IV spherulites have the a axis of the crystal radial while the crystals rotate randomly around the type III spherulite radii and periodically around the type IV spherulite radii. The radial refractive index for both the type III and type IV spherulites has the same value of 1.496. The tangential refractive index of the type III spherulite has a constant value of 1.509; it varies periodically between a minimum of 1.496 and a maximum of 1.519 in the type IV spherulite. Microtechniques such as micro x-ray diffraction, interference microscopy, birefringence, and optical microscopy were required for acquisition of the data.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1972.160100301
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative characterization of deformation in polypropylene fibers (1968)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 2021-2041 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A modus operandi is developed for characterizing, in quantitative morphological terms, the structural changes occurring during the preparation (spinning, drawing, and heat setting) and testing (tensile modulus) of isotactic polypropylene fiber. This involves the application of the following eight different physical techniques: wide-angle x-ray diffraction, birefringence, density, sonic modulus, small-angle x-ray diffraction, dark-field microscopy, small-angle light scattering, and tensile modulus. Structural changes on several organizational levels, the spherulitic, the interlamellar, and the molecular, are determined in this manner and related to the processes involved.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1968.160061207
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Practical characterization of the structure of crystalline polymer moldings (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 852-856 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal and flow gradients present during thick polymer molding processes can produce layered structures through the thickness which vary in crystallinity, orientation, and axiality. Such structural complexity is difficult, expensive, and time consuming to characterize and presently impossible to predict. In order to overcome these problems emphasis in our laboratory has been directed toward the development of rapid, nondestructive techniques for the quantitative characterization of the structure of thick polymer samples. This includes the characterization of the average structure, the surface structure, and the internal layer structure. The present paper discusses some of these techniques and illustrates their application.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281305
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small-angle light scattering from optically anisotropic spheres and disks. Theory and experimental verificationPortions of this paper were presented at the Amherst Forum on Light Scattering by Solid Polymers at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass., July 1969. (1971)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 2165-2246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The small-angle light scattering (SALS) theory for optically anisotropic spheres and disks is examined in depth. An error is found in the existing sphere equations. The correct form of the equations is identified and then experimentally verified for dilute starch suspensions. Increased concentrations and solid films of starch granules are used to identify the effect of concentration on the scattering envelope. Spherulitic films of isotactic polypropylene, isotactic polystyrene, nylon 610, PET, and nylon 66 are then used to examine different aspects of the SALS theory. Experimental observations are found to agree with the predictions of the correct SALS equations. Disk theory is interrogated and correlated with predictions for spheres. It is found that the predicted patterns from spheres and disks are very similar under identical optical conditions, in contradiction to earlier predictions. A method is developed for identifying the optical sign of spherulites too small to be seen in the optical microscope. This study constitutes a comprehensive examination of SALS theory and includes many other aspects of the phenomena. A catalogue of theoretical Vv SALS patterns from spheres and disks is also included.
    Additional Material: 49 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1971.160091206
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative structural characterization of the mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 10 (1972), S. 781-810 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) are examined to see if the quantitative morphological criteria previously used to define the structural state of isotactic polypropylene will lead to similar quantitative structure-property correlations when applied to PET. Tenacity, thermal shrinkage in oil and air, tensile modulus, dynamic loss modulus, long spacings, and small-angle x-ray intensities are included in the study. All of the data were obtained from the open literature. In all cases the physical properties correlate simply and quantitatively with the internal structure of the PET, and the character of the correlations leads to new insights into the nature of the internal mechanisms controlling the observed properties. The study shows that only by considering the structural state of a polymer, and not its fabrication parameters, can general, simplifying, quantitative, structure-property correlations be achieved.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1972.160100502
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A process-structure-property study of anisotropic PMDA-ODA films (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 777-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: PMDA-ODA polyimide ; intrinsic molecular properties ; sheet mapping ; fabrication processes ; three-dimensional orientation functions ; anisotropic coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) ; anisotropic mechanical moduli ; anisotropic compliances ; anisotropic dielectric constants ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A practical methodology for the correlation and prediction of the process-property performance of advanced materials is developed. The model polymer studied is PMDA-ODA polyimide. The connecting link between the process and the properties is the structural state of the polymer. An essential ingredient for a quantitative characterization of the system is a knowledge of its phase state and intrinsic molecular properties. The intrinsic molecular properties define the limiting performance properties available to the polymer. Anisotropic films and sheets produced by five different fabrication processes are examined. Maps of the molecular symmetry axis, the orientation function, and the thickness distributions of two 50-in.-wide sheets fabricated differently are measured nondestructively for process comparison. Four other film fabrication processes are examined and their three-dimensional orientation states determined and correlated. A three-dimensional orientation function triangular plot permits simultaneous representation of the different fabrication processes on the same figure and allows the investigator to choose the most economic and efficient fabrication route. The structure-property study includes the structural correlation and intrinsic molecular property determination of the anisotropic coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), the anisotropic mechanical moduli and compliances, and the anisotropic dielectric constants. 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 777-788, 1997
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of orientation on the relative dispersion of PMDA-ODA polyimide and polypropylene (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: relative dispersion ; birefringence ; fringe jumping ; Kapton PMDA-ODA polyimide ; polypropylene ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relative dispersion of birefringence, Db, is determined for isotactic polypropylene and Kapton HA PMDA-ODA polyimide films. Db is then used to identify the dependence of dispersion on the orientation of polymers and is interpreted in terms of fringe jumping. Optical relationships between the in-plane birefringence and wavelength are formulated to predict the in-plane birefringence of oriented Kapton HA PMDA-ODA polyimide films at any wavelength. These relations can be used for the direct comparison of the in-plane birefringence of Kapton PMDA-ODA polyimide films obtained from different optical techniques (i.e., polarized microscopy, polarized refractometry, wave guide coupling, etc.). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1995.090330211
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coupling of optical and mechanical properties in crystalline polymers (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 975-994 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The modules and birefringence of oriented polymers are known to couple through the structural and intrinsic properties of the polymer. Recent developments in both optical and mechanical theories have allowed this coupling to be expanded so that it includes predictions of modulus and refractive indices of uniaxially-oriented polymer films at various angles to the draw direction. The validity of these theories has been tested in this study by predicting the angular dependence of the optical and mechanical properties of seven uniaxiallyoriented films of isotactic polypropylene. The present study also provides intrinsic material properties associated with the crystalline and noncrystalline components of the polymer, and consequently allows the identification of the structural parameters that control the properties of ultra-high oriented isotactic polypropylene.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191405
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