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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 9 (1976), S. 743-749 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 214 (1966), S. 1-23 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Kinetics of growth of single crystals of a two-block copolymer poly-(ethylene-oxyde)-polystyrene in solution was investigated dilatometrically and under the optical microscope. The influence of thermal treatments of the solution on crystallization kinetics and on crystal morphology is studied systematically. At constant temperature, kinetics depends mainly on the number and on the nature of nuclei: Two types of nuclei were identified: those predetermined by the thermal history of the solution and those which appear sporadically after an incubation period. The different kinetics are compared on the basis of growth perimeters and weight average sizes of the crystals. This comparison allowed us to adaptAvrami's theory to the crystallization of polymers from dilute solutions, and to relate one of the parameters of this theory to the more or less complicated crystal habits. The isothermal growth kinetics of monolayer crystals are also specified. Finally, partial volumes in solution are compared to the values calculated from the composition of the copolymer, assuming additivity of the volumes of the components.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik des Kristallwachstums von Einzelkristallen eines Zweiblockcopolymeren Poly-Äthylenoxid-Polystyrol in Lösung wurde dilatometrisch und unter dem optischen Mikroskop untersucht. Der Einfluß thermischer Behandlung der Lösung auf Kristallisationskinetik und Kristallmorphologie wird systematisch studiert. Bei konstanter Temperatur hängt die Kinetik hauptsächlich von Zahl und Natur der Keime ab. Zwei Typen von Keimen ließen sich identifizieren: diejenigen, die durch die thermische Vorgeschichte der Lösung verbestimmt sind, und diejenigen, die sporadisch nach einer Inkubationsperiode erscheinen. Die verschiedene Kinetik wird auf Basis der Wachstumsperimeter und der Gewichtsmittelgrößen der Kristalle behandelt. Dieser Vergleich erlaubt uns, dieAvramische Theorie der Kristallisation Polymerer aus verdünnten Lösungen anzuwenden und einen der Parameter dieser Theorie mit den mehr oder weniger komplizierten Kristallformen in Beziehung zu setzen. Die isotherme Wachstumskinetik von Einschichtkristallen ist auch ausgeführt. Schließlich werden die Partialvolumen in Lösung verglichen mit den Werten, die sich aus der Zusammensetzung der Copolymeren errechnen, wenn man die Additivität der Volumen der Komponenten annimmt.
    Notes: Résumé La cinétique de croissance des monocristaux d'un copolymère biséquencé Polyoxyéthylène-Polystyrène a été étudiée en solution diluée, par dilatométrie et par observation directe sous microscope optique. On a examiné systématiquement l'influence des traitements thermiques de la solution sur la cinétique de cristallisation et sur la morphologie des cristaux. A température constante, cette cinétique dépend essentiellement du nombre et de la nuture des germes. On a pu différencier deux sortes de germes: ceux prédéterminés par le traitement thermique de la solution, et ceux apparaissant sporadiquement après une période d'incubation. Les différents processus cinétiques ont été comparés en faisant intervenir le périmètre de croissance et la taille moyenne pondérale des cristaux. Cette comparaison a permis d'adapter la théorie d'Avrami à la cristallisation des polymères à partir de leurs solutions, et de relier l'un des paramètres de cette théorie à la morphologie plus ou moins complexe des cristaux. On a précisé aussi la cinétique de croissance isotherme des cristaux monolamellaires. Enfin, les volumes partiels en solution ont été comparés aux valeurs calculées à partir de la composition du copolymère, en admettant l'additivité de volume de ses constituants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 9 (1953), S. 369-369 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die infraroten und ultravioletten Spektren und analytische Daten von Geissospermin wurden diskutiert. Die Spaltung von Geissospermin mit konzentrierter Salzsäure wurde wiederholt, und ein Spaltprodukt C19H26ON2 wurde durch Gegenstromverteilung rein iscliert und durch ein kristallines Pikrolonat charakterisiert. Dieses Produkt besitzt ein Dihydroindolspektrum und trägt die N-methylgruppe des Geissospermins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 19 (1984), S. 1116-1124 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the development and breakdown of crazes during cyclic loading has been examined in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The results show that the relative kinetics of craze development and breakdown are the same, regardless of molecular weight, plasticizer content or stress intensity level. Through optical and fractographic observations, it is found that the full equilibrium length is established early in the cyclic lifetime of the craze. Finally, the fracture path through the craze depends on the amount of cyclically induced damage experienced by the craze prior to the passage of the crack.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 17 (1982), S. 901-909 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A blend consisting of equal amounts (by weight) of linear polyethylene and a technical grade of sodium lignosulphonate (a water soluble substance), was processed using hydrostatic extrusion with extrusion ratios varying from 5 to 20. The resulting extrudate contained thin (2 to 5μm) fibres of the linear polyethylene in a matrix of the lignosulphonate. The fibres were basically continuous throughout the extrudate. Their stiffness was of the same order as that observed for pure hydrostatically extruded polyethylene. The fibre phase was easily isolated by dissolving the matrix material in water.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In injection-moulded parts, the degree of orientation (anisotropy) varies over the cross-section. Normally, such parts exhibit a layered structure, with a biaxially oriented surface layer (stretching of the flow front during mould filling), a highly oriented shear zone, and a core region with a relatively low orientation. This paper describes a novel method to show the different morphological zones by studying the occurrence and structure of fibres formed during injection moulding of certain incompatible blends, in the present case a mixture of high-density polyethylene and a technical lignosulphonate grade (Wanin S). The polyethylene fibres formed during processing of this composite were ribbon-shaped in the surface layer (biaxial orientation), while they had a normal appearance in the shear zone. Only relatively few fibres were found in the core region. A qualitative agreement was found when the fibre character in the various layers was compared with orientation data from thermal shrinkage measurements, as obtained with pure polyethylene samples (test bars).
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 14 (1979), S. 2482-2492 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract As part of a study of the effects of crystallinity on fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behaviour in crystalline polymers, the FCP response of nylon 66 was examined as a function of both stress intensity factor range (ΔK) and water content. It was found that FCP rates were exponential functions of ΔK, as expected. However, the FCP rates at constant ΔK decreased as the water content was increased to about 3%; at saturation (8% water), the FCP rates were higher than that observed in dry specimens. Results were interpreted in terms of the incorporation of tightly bound water up to a maximum of one water molecule per two amide groups (at∼ 2% water), followed by the incorporation of loosely bound water (at saturation). The tightly bound water evidently toughens the polymer, while the loosely bound water has a predominantly weakening effect. Examination of fracture surfaces revealed a transition from terminal unstable crack growth (at water contents up to 3%) to tearing (at saturation). Classical fatigue striations were observed only in the specimens containing 2% water—the first time such striations have been unequivocally identified for any crystalline polymer.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 21 (1986), S. 39-45 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The fracture surface micromorphology of noon 66 and its blends was examined. A patchy appearance, found at low ΔK values when levels of imbibed moisture and impact modifier are low, is believed to result from a void coalescence mechanism. At higher water contents and levels of impact-modification, the fracture surface assumes a rumpled appearance with numerous secondary fissures oriented normal to the crack direction; the inter-rumple spacings, however, do not correspond to the macroscopic growth rate, A model to explain rumple formation is presented. The fatigue fracture surface appearance of unmodified nylon 66 is found to depend on both moisture content and test temperature. Trans-spherulitic fracture is found when the test temperature is below the glass transition temperatureT g (measured at 110 Hz) for a given water content, while at higher test temperatures a high degree of drawing is evident. It is concluded that the fracture surface micromorphology of nylon 66 and its blends depend strongly on the viscoelastic state of the polymer.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 22 (1987), S. 3576-3580 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Crack tip heating in cyclically loaded short-fibre polymer matrix composites occurs by a combination of hysteretic heating and frictional heating. While the former mechanism is caused by plastic and viscoelastic deformations within the polymeric matrix, the latter is due to interfacial friction between matrix and fibres, and crack surface interference associated with crack closure. The relative contribution of these two principal mechanisms depends upon a number of variables including the viscoelastic and plastic characteristics and frictional properties of the matrix polymer, the degree of interfacial adhesion, the fibre content and fibre orientation distribution and the loading conditions. The results confirm that even in a tension/tension loading mode, frictional heating may play a dominant role, at least in some systems.
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