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  • 1
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    Unknown
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Heinzeller, Dominikus; Dieng, Diarra; Smiatek, Gerhard; Olusegun, Christiana F; Klein, Cornelia; Hamann, Ilse; Salack, Seyni; Bliefernicht, Jan; Kunstmann, Harald (2018): The WASCAL high-resolution regional climate simulation ensemble for West Africa: concept, dissemination and assessment. Earth System Science Data, 10(2), 815-835, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-815-2018
    Publication Date: 2023-04-08
    Description: With climate change being one of the most severe challenges to Africa in the 21st century, West Africa is facing an urgent need to develop effective adaptation and mitigation measures. WASCAL (West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, http://www.wascal.org) is a large-scale research-focused Climate Service Centre designed to help tackle this challenge and thereby enhance the resilience of human and environmental systems to climate change and increased variability. It does so by strengthening the research infrastructure and capacity in West Africa related to climate change and by pooling the expertise of ten West African countries and Germany. Funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), WASCAL is implemented in a collaborative effort by West African and German partners. An integral part of its climate services is the provisioning of a new set of high resolution, ensemble-based regional climate change scenarios for the region of West Africa. An ensemble approach is chosen to address model uncertainties and provide statistical estimates on possible future climate change scenarios. The ensemble is composed of three regional climate models, WRFV3.5.1, COSMO-CLM 4.18, and REGCM4. Three Earth System Models from the CMIP5 project are downscaled by each of the regional models, MPI-ESM, GFDL-ESM2M, and HadGEM2-ES for the historical period from 1980 to 2010 and for the RCP4.5 scenario from 2020 to 2050 and from 2070 to 2100. Control runs are created by downscaling the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA-Interim re-analysis from 1980 to 2014. Two sets of resolutions are made available, 60km and 12km, for a large domain covering the greater region of West Africa from 25W to 25E and 5S to 25N. The data provided here is a subset of the full data set, which is available at the CERA database of the German Climate Computing Center DKRZ (Heinzeller et al., 2017, https://cera-www.dkrz.de/WDCC/ui/Project.jsp?acronym=WASCAL).
    Keywords: File name; File size; Uniform resource locator/link to file; WASCAL
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 678 data points
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 34 (1981), S. 81-118 
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Januar/Februar 1977 führte das Forschungsschiff „Meteor” während der örtlichen Auftriebsjahreszeit ökologische Untersuchungen („Auftrieb '77”) entlang der Küste Mauretaniens durch. Der vorliegende Bericht beschriebt die Windverhältnisse, die Strömungen und die T/S-Eigenschaften der Auftriebsgewässer zwischen 17o N und 19o N während des Feldexperimentes. Elf Geräteketten mit Strömungsmessern, Wasserstandspegeln und einer meteorologischen Meßboje, die den Wind aufzeichnete, lagen auf dem Schelf aus. Eine weitere meteorologische Meßboje und eine Gerätekette mit Strömungsmessern registrierte Wind und Strömung 40 Seemeilen seewärts des Schelfrandes. Während der Ausliegezeit der Geräte (23. Januar bis 22. Februar) nahm „Meteor” in etwa einwöchigen Abständen die hydrographischen Verhältnisse entlang von Standard-Querschnitten auf. Während „Auftrieb '77” herrschen ähnliche Windverhältnisse wie auf vorangegangenen Forschungsfahrten in das mauretanische Auftriebsgebiet in dieser Jahreszeit. Der Wind weht aus nordöstlichen Richtungen mit einer Stärke von 4 Beaufort. Bemerkenswert ist jedoch die relativ starke ablandige Windrichtung über dem Schelf, 30 km vom Land entfernt, die von der Windrichtung 120 km seewärts der Küste um 40 Grad im Uhrzeigersinn abweicht. Wind, Luftdruck und Lufttemperatur weisen typische eintägige und halbtägige Schwankungen auf. Dicht unter Land und auf dem zentralen Schelf setzt die mittlere Strömung nach Süden. Die auflandige Strömungskomponente in der Tiefe, innerhalb der Kompensationsschicht, ist im Mittel zwei- bis dreimal kleiner als ähnliche Beobachtungen aus früheren Jahren weiter im Norden andeuten. Die Ursache hierfür könnte die verhältnismäßig schwache (küstenparallele) Südkomponente und die starke (ablandige) Westkomponente des Winds Über dem Schelf im Januar/Februar 1977 sein. Entlang des Kontinentalabhangs fließt der Unterstrom nach Norden. Im Gegensatz zu vorangegangenen Untersuchungen, weiter nördlich, ist der Unterstrom an einigen Stellen häufig auf dem äußeren Schelf anzutreffen. Seewärts vom Schelfrand scheint sich der Unterstrom bis in Oberflächennähe auszudehnen. Zeitweise ist die Stromgrenze (zweiseitige Konvergenz) zwischen der Südströmung über dem Schelf und der Nordströmung weiter seewärts durch eine ausgeprägte Front gekennzeichnet. Entlang dieser Übergangszone können Absinkbewegungen auftreten. Die Lage der Stromgrenze relativ zur Küste bestimmt die räumliche Ausdehnung zeitweiliger dreidimensionaler Zirkulationskreisläufe (recycling) über dem Schelf und damit auch die Geschwindigkeit, mit der die Kreisläufe durchflossen werden. Größere Wirbel entlang der Stromgrenze tragen wahrscheinlich entscheidend zu den Kreisläufen bei. Während eines Zeitraums schwacher, ablandiger Winde setzt über dem gesamten Schelf in allen Tiefen die Strömung für mehrere Tage nach Norden. Der Gegenstrom macht sich auch durch einen örtlichen Druckanstieg und eine Temperaturerhöhung bemerkbar. Derartige Gegenstrom-Ereignisse sind wahrscheinlich in diesem Gebiet nicht außergewöhnlich. Sie bilden einen besonders wirksamen Rezirkulationsvorgang des Auftriebswassers. Die hydrographischen und chemischen Schnitte zeigen deutlich die Wirkung des küstennahen Auftriebs während des Feldexperiments. Die Tiefen, aus denen das Wasser zur Oberfläche aufsteigt, sind nicht größer als 100 bis 200 m. Den größten Anteil des Auftriebswassers zwischen 17o N und 19o N stellt Südatlantisches Zentralwasser (SACW), das vom Unterstrom nach Norden transportiert wird. Während der etwa vierwöchigen Untersuchungen ereignen sich keine grundlegenden Änderungen der Hydrographie über dem Schelf. Mehrtägige Unterbrechungen der örtlichen Auftriebsvorgänge, wie zum Beispiel in Verbindung mit dem beobachteten Ereignis des nach Norden setzenden Gegenstroms, sind zu kurz, um die vom Auftrieb geprägten hydrographischen Verhältnisse wesentlich zu verändern.
    Abstract: Résumé En janvier et février 1977, pendant la saison locale de remontées d'eau, le navire de recherches «Meteor» a effectué une campagne expérimentale d'écologie («Auftrieb '77») le long de la côte de la Mauritanie. Cet article décrit les vents, les courants et les données de température et de salinité des eaux de remontée, entre 17o N et 19o N, rencontrés durant la campagne. Onze ensembles de mesure comportant courantomètres, marégraphes et une bouée météorologique recueillant les données de vent ont été mouillés sur le plateau. Une autre bouée météorologique associée à des courantomètres mesurait le vent et les courants à 40 milles au large du rebord du plateau. Pendant la période de fonctionnement de ces stations (du 23 janvier au 22 février), le «Meteor» a enregistré les conditions hydrographiques prévalant le long de coupes transversales, à cadence à peu près hebdomadaire. Les conditions du vent durant «Auftrieb '77» sont comparables à celles des campagnes précédentes à la même saison dans la zone de remontées d'eau au large de la Mauritanie. Le vent souffle du secteur nord-est à la vitesse moyenne de 4 Beaufort. Il faut cependant noter que le vent sur le plateau, à 30 km de la côte, souffle beaucoup plus vers la large (de 40 degrés, dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre), qu'à 120 km de la côte. Le vent, la pression atmosphérique et la température de l'air présentent des variations diurnes et semi-diurnes typiques. Près des côtes et à mi-plateau, les courants moyens portent au sud. La composante profonde du courant portant vers la terre, dans la couche de compensation, est en moyenne deux à trois fois plus faible que lors des observations effectuées plus au nord dans les années précédentes. Ceci pourrait être dû à la composante sud du vent relativement faible parallèlement à la côte et à la composante ouest du vent forte audessus du plateau en janvier et février 1977. Le long de la pente continentale prévaut le courant sous-marin en direction du nord. Au contraire des campagnes antérieures effectuées plus au nord, le courant sous-marin est une caractéristique typique en certains points du plateau extérieur. Au large, le courant sous-marin semble remonter dans la couche de surface. La zone limite des courants (convergence bilatérale) entre l'écoulement vers le sud sur le plateau et l'écoulement vers le nord au large est caractérisée, à certains moments, par un front très marqué. Il peut se produire des plongées d'eau le long de cette zone de transition. L'emplacement de la zone limite par rapport à la côte détermine l'extension spatiale sur le plateau de recirculations tri-dimensionnelles occasionnelles (recyclage) au-dessus du plateau et donc la vitesse du recyclage. Des tourbillons le long de la limite contribuent probablement pour une grande part à ce recyclage. Au cours d'une période de vents faibles au large, un écoulement vers le nord s'étend au plateau entier à toutes les profondeurs pendant plusieurs jours. Le déplacement vers la côte du contre-courant se signale également par une augmentation locale de la pression et de la température. Ces phénomènes de contre-courants ne sont probablement pas exceptionnels, et ils représentent un processus efficace de recyclage des eaux de remontée dans cette zone. Les coupes hydrographiques et chimiques indiquent clairement l'effet de remontée durant «Auftrieb '77». Les profondeurs réelles à partir desquelles les eaux remontent à la surface ne dépassent guère 100 à 200 m. La plus grande proportion des eaux de remontée entre 17o N et 19o N est constitutée par l'Eau Centrale de l'Atlantique Sud (SACW), qui est transportée vers le nord par le courant sous-marin. On n'a pas constaté de transformation essentielle de l'hydrographie du plateau lors de la campagne expérimentale qui a duré approximativement un mois. Les interruptions de remontées locales pendant plusieurs jours, observées en liaison, par exemple, avec le phénomène de contre-courant, sont trop brèves pour modifier de façon significative les conditions hydrographiques caractérisées par le phénomène de remontée.
    Notes: Summary In January and February 1977, during the local upwelling season, RV “Meteor” carried out an ecological field experiment (“Auftrieb '77”) along the coast of Mauritania. This paper describes the winds, currents and T/S properties of the upwelling waters between 17o N and 19o N during the field experiment. Eleven moorings with current meters, tide gauges and a meteorological buoy collecting wind data worked on the shelf. Another meteorological buoy together with a current meter mooring recorded the wind and currents 40 nautical miles offshore the shelf break. While the moorings were installed (23 January to 22 February) “Meteor” surveyed at about weekly intervals the hydrographic conditions along standard cross-sections. The wind conditions during “Auftrieb '77” resemble those of previous cruises into the Mauritanian upwelling area in the same season. The wind blows from northeasterly directions with a mean strength of 4 Beaufort. It is, however, remarkable that the wind direction on the shelf, 30 km from the coast, is distinctly more offshore (by 40 degrees, clockwise) than the wind direction 120 km away from the coast. Wind, atmospheric pressure and air temperature exhibit typical diurnal and semi-diurnal variations. Inshore and midshelf the mean currents are directed towards south. The subsurface onshore current component, within the compensation layer, is on average two to three times smaller than observed during previous years further north. This might be caused by the relatively weak along shore component and strong offshore component of the wind over the shelf in January and February 1977. Along the continental slope the poleward flowing undercurrent prevails. In contrast to previous cruises further north, the undercurrent emerges as typical feature on the outer shelf at some places. Offshore, the undercurrent seems to extend up into the surface layer. The current boundary (two-sided convergence) between southward flow on the shelf and northward flow offshore is marked by a pronounced front, at times. Sinking movements may occur along this transitional zone. The location of the current boundary relative to the coast determines the spatial cross-shelf extension of occasional three-dimensional recirculations over the shelf, and accordingly the speed of recycling. Eddies along the boundary probably contribute to a great extent to the recycling. During a period of weak offshore winds a northward flow spreads over the entire shelf at all depths for several days. The onshore advancement of the counter current is also relfected in a local pressure rise and in a temperature increase. Such counter current events are probably not exceptional and represent an effective recycling process of the upwelling waters in this area. The hydrographic and chemical sections clearly indicate the effect of upwelling during “Auftrieb '77”. The actual depths, from which thh waters ascend to the surface are not greater than 100 to 200 metres. The largest proportion of the upwelling waters between 17o N and 19o N is provided by South Atlantic Central Water (SACW), which is carried by the undercurrent northwards. No fundamental changes of the hydrography on the shelf occur during the approximately one month long experiment. Interruptions of local upwelling for several days, as observed for example in connection with the counter current event, are too short to significantly alter the hydrographic conditions characterised by upwelling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1991-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-1376
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-5269
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1987-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2017-09-22
    Description: Climate change and constant population growth pose severe challenges to 21st century rural Africa. Within the framework of the West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), an ensemble of high-resolution regional climate change scenarios for the greater West African region are provided to support the development of effective adaptation and mitigation measures. This contribution presents the overall concept of the WASCAL regional climate simulations as well as detailed information on the experiment design, and provides information on the format and dissemination of the available data. All data is made available to the public at the CERA long-term archive of the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ) with a subset available at the PANGAEA Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science portal (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.880512). Regional climate projections are generated at high (12 km) and intermediate (60 km) resolution using the Weather Research & Forecasting Model (WRF). The simulations cover the validation period 1980–2010 and the two future periods 2020–2050 and 2070–2100. A brief comparison to observations and two climate change scenarios from the CORDEX initiative is presented to provide guidance on the data set to future users and to assess their climate change signal. Under the RCP4.5 scenario, the results suggest an increase in temperature by 1.5 °C at the Coast of Guinea and by up to 3 °C in the northern Sahel by the end of the 21st century, in line with existing climate projections for the region. They also project an increase in precipitation by up to 300 mm per year along the Coast of Guinea, by up to 150 mm per year in the Soudano region adjacent in the North, and almost no change in precipitation in the Sahel. This stands in contrast to existing regional climate projections, which predict increasingly drier conditions. The high spatial and temporal resolution of the data, the extensive list of output variables, the large computational domain and the long time periods covered make this data set a unique resource for follow-up analyses and impact modelling studies over the greater West African region. The comprehensive documentation and standardisation of the data facilitate and encourage its use within and outside of the WASCAL community.
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-3591
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2018-04-23
    Description: Climate change and constant population growth pose severe challenges to 21st century rural Africa. Within the framework of the West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), an ensemble of high-resolution regional climate change scenarios for the greater West African region is provided to support the development of effective adaptation and mitigation measures. This contribution presents the overall concept of the WASCAL regional climate simulations, as well as detailed information on the experimental design, and provides information on the format and dissemination of the available data. All data are made available to the public at the CERA long-term archive of the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ) with a subset available at the PANGAEA Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science portal (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.880512). A brief assessment of the data are presented to provide guidance for future users. Regional climate projections are generated at high (12 km) and intermediate (60 km) resolution using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). The simulations cover the validation period 1980–2010 and the two future periods 2020–2050 and 2070–2100. A brief comparison to observations and two climate change scenarios from the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) initiative is presented to provide guidance on the data set to future users and to assess their climate change signal. Under the RCP4.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5) scenario, the results suggest an increase in temperature by 1.5 ∘C at the coast of Guinea and by up to 3 ∘C in the northern Sahel by the end of the 21st century, in line with existing climate projections for the region. They also project an increase in precipitation by up to 300 mm per year along the coast of Guinea, by up to 150 mm per year in the Soudano region adjacent in the north and almost no change in precipitation in the Sahel. This stands in contrast to existing regional climate projections, which predict increasingly drier conditions. The high spatial and temporal resolution of the data, the extensive list of output variables, the large computational domain and the long time periods covered make this data set a unique resource for follow-up analyses and impact modelling studies over the greater West African region. The comprehensive documentation and standardisation of the data facilitate and encourage their use within and outside of the WASCAL community.
    Print ISSN: 1866-3508
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-3516
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1981-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0012-0308
    Electronic ISSN: 1616-7228
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1991-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0198-0149
    Electronic ISSN: 1878-2477
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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