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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ERADICATION AND PEST MANAGEMENT (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 43 (1998), S. 471-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eradication is the elimination of every single individual of a species from an area to which recolonization is unlikely to occur. Cost-benefit analyses of eradication programs involve biases that tend to underestimate the costs and overestimate the benefits. In this review, we (a) highlight limitations of current cost-benefit analyses, (b) assess eradication strategies from biological and sociological perspectives by discussing particular cases of successful and failed eradication efforts, and (c) briefly contrast eradication and ongoing area-wide control as pest management strategies. Two successful eradication programs involve the screwworm and cattle ticks. Gypsy moth and medfly eradication programs have not been successful, and subsequent captures of insects recur in eradication areas. In situations where heterogeneity of land use patterns make it difficult to prevent reinvasion of the pest, education and area-wide suppression are probably more realistic goals than eradication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.471
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ophryocystis elektroscirrha sp. n., a Neogregarine Pathogen of the Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus (L.) and the Florida Queen Butterfly D. gilippus berenice Cramer (1970)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 17 (1970), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Naturally occurring populations of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) and the Florida queen butterfly D. gilippus berenice Cramer were found infected with Ophryocystis elektroscirrha sp. n. This neogregarine pathogen infects the hypodermal tissue, remains in micronclear schizogony until after pupation of the host, and then rapidly completes morphogenesis in the tissue that becomes the scales of the adult butterfly. The adult thus carries the spores externally; no internal infection was detected. The pathogen is unique in the genus Ophryocystis because: other species have all been reported from the Malphigian tubules of Coleoptera; no pseudopodial attachments of schizonts to host tissue were seen; the merozoites were motile; the cystic membrane surrounding the zygote was tenuous, and the sporont developed with no apparent membrane other than the spore wall: and the spore wall appeared amber in transmitted light when morphogenesis was completed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1970.tb02375.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fumarate reductase is a soluble enzyme in anaerobically grown Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 98 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression and distribution of fumarate reductase activity was examined in Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1. Fumarate reductase was expressed at very low levels in aerobically grown cell and was markedly induced by growth under anaerobic conditions. Cells were fractionated into soluble and purified membrane components by four different methods. For all four methods used, and in marked contrast to the membrane-bound fumarate reductases of other bacteria, ≧ 98% of the fumarate reductase activity was localized in the soluble fraction. In cells subjected to osmotic shock or treated with lysozyme and EDTA to form spheroplasts, the specific activity of fumarate reductase was highest in the periplasmic fraction, while the majority of total fumarate reductase activity was in the cytoplasmic fraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05483.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of menaquinone in the reduction of fumarate, nitrate, iron(III) and manganese(IV) by Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 114 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mutants of Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 deficient in menaquinone and methylmenaquinone, but which have wild-type levels of ubiquinone, retain the ability to use trimethylamine N-oxide as an electron acceptor, but they lose the ability to use nitrate, iron(III), and fumarate as electron acceptors. These mutants also show a reduced rate of manganese(IV) reduction. One of these mutants could be restored to essentially wild-type phenotype by supplementing the medium with 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. A requirement for naphthoquinones in iron(III) reduction and a preference for naphthoquinones in manganese(IV) reduction provide further support that the metal reducing systems in MR-1 are linked to anaerobic respiration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06576.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ferric reductase is associated with the membranes of anaerobically grown Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 108 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression and distribution of ferric reductase activity was examined in Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1. Formate-dependent ferric reductase was not detected in aerobically grown cells but was readily detectable in anaerobically grown cells. Ferric reductase activity was found exclusively in the membrane fractions, with 54–56% in the outer membrane. In contrast, the majority of formate dehydrogenase was in the soluble fraction with lesser amounts associated with the various membrane fractions. Outer membrane ferric reductase activity was markedly inhibited by p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinolone-N-oxide, and antimycin A, but was unaffected by the presence of alternate electron acceptors (nitrate, nitrite, fumarate, and trimethylamine N-oxide). Both formate and NADH served as electron donors for ferric reductase; activity with l-lactate or NADPH was poor. The addition of FMN markedly stimulated formate- and NADH-dependent ferric reductase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06066.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manipulation of oviposition patterns of the parasitoidCyzenis albicans (Tachinidae) in the field using plant extracts (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 487-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: synomones ; parasitoid search ; aggregation ; plant chemicals ; Tachinidae ; winter moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examine the oviposition behavior of the parasitic fly Cyzenis albicans(Fall.) to determine if long-distance or contact chemical cues given off by damaged oak and apple foliage influences the attack of their host the winter moth Operophtera brumata(L.). Wind-tunnel experiments indicate the presence of an attractive odor in oak leaves and the absence of an attractant in apple leaves. The application of oak foliage extracts to apple trees increased the number of parasitoid eggs laid and the level of parasitism of winter moths in the field. The impact of altered host-seeking behavior by the parastoid is discussed in the context of the population ecology of its host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053350
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant nitrogen and fluctuations of insect populations: A test with the cinnabar moth—tansy ragwort system (1981)
    Springer
    Oecologia 48 (1981), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nine populations of cinnabar moth, introduced to North America as biological control agents of tansy ragwort, were studied for 4 to 6 years. We tested the hypothesis that good quality of the food plant, measured as percent protein, would destabilize the moth populations. A positive correlation occurred between the percent nitrogen in the plants and the coefficient of variation of moth population density. Moths tended to be larger and produce more eggs in areas with food plants of better quality. Larval survival was also correlated with the quality of the food and the fluctuation of the population density. Food plants with high nitrogen levels increase larval survival and moth fecundity and allow the moth populations to periodically overexploit their food supply, thus accentuating population fluctuations. This finding is discussed in relation to other studies of cinnabar moth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347957
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is the insect or the plant the driving force in the cinnabar moth — Tansy ragwort system? (1980)
    Springer
    Oecologia 47 (1980), S. 16-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The interactions between cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae L. and its food plant, tansy ragwort, Senecio jacobaea L. were studied for 4 to 6 years at 9 sites in North America to assess if the herbivore drove the dynamics of the plants or if the plants determined the dynamics of the insects. Cinnabar moth larval density is not closely related to changes in the size and spacing of tansy ragwort plants although high densities of larvae were associated with a high proportion of rosettes the next year. Fluctuating moth populations live in areas where rosettes are small, closely spaced and numerous compared to flowering stem plants. This situation is also associated with greater larval dispersal which may lead to over exploitation of the food supply. The coefficient of variation of both the size of rosettes and the distance between clumps of plants is associated with the coefficient of variation in moth density. This suggests that the plants may be driving the dynamics of the insect populations. The size of the moth egg batches is correlated to the size of the flowering stem plants in the previous year, indicating an adjustment between moth fecundity and food plant size. The conclusion is that environmental factors such as weather and soil type determine to a large degree the characteristics and variation in the plant populations and this in turn controls the dynamics of the insects. The relation of this situation to the biological control of weeds is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00541770
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Egg clumping, host plant selection and population regulation in Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera) (1981)
    Springer
    Oecologia 51 (1981), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Since the successful control of prickly pear cactus by Cactoblastis cactorum in Australia, populations of plants and moths have persisted at low densities in open woodland sites. A contagious egg distribution causes overcrowding of larvae on some plants but insures low levels or no attack of other plants. This prevents extinction of plants and insects. Cactoblastis moths choose plants with characteristics which may increase the success of their larvae. Field observations and cage experiments indicate that large, green cactuses near previously attacked cactuses receive more eggs. Plants which are actively photosynthesizing are also more attractive as oviposition sites. These oviposition preferences contribute to the observed contagious egg distribution. While open woodland Opuntia and Cactoblastis populations fluctuate around an equilibrium, pasture populations may better be described by the “hide and seek” model, with the woodland populations serving as refuges. Average plant quality and variation in quality are suggested as important components in the dynamics of this system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00344644
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and dispersal in populations capable of resource depletion (1976)
    Springer
    Oecologia 23 (1976), S. 255-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A simulation model has been used to investigate the influence of animal (insect) distribution and dispersal among exhaustable resource units (food plants). Population size and stability were used as measures of success. The results showed that population size and stability are highest when egg batch size is as large as can be supported by the average food plant or slightly larger if larval dispersal occurs. Clumping of egg batches of food plants increases population stability when egg batches are small by insuring that some food plants will not be overcrowded. Increasing the proportion of larval dispersers or the success of dispersers can increase or decrease population size and stability depending on the original egg batch distribution, but individuals which produce offspring some of which disperse, generally have a selective advantage. Density dependent larval dispersal decreases population stability. Finally, individuals with lower reproductive capacities can have a selective advantage over those with higher reproductive capacities under certain conditions of egg batch size and larval dispersal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345956
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