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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Schroth, G. & Sinclair, F.L. (eds) Trees, Crops and Soil Fertility: Concepts and Research Methods. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 2003. xi + 437 pp. £65 (US$120), hardback. ISBN 0-85199-593-4. (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.0635l.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen uptake by grasses: changes induced by competing neighbour plants differing in frequency of defoliation (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 51 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Nitrogen uptake can be modified by both frequency of defoliation and competing neighbour plants. The objective of this study was to investigate nitrogen uptake by Lolium perenne and Festuca rubra subject to weekly or monthly defoliation with five neighbours: either none, L perenne clipped weekly, L. perenne clipped monthly, F. rubra clipped weekly or F. rubra clipped monthly. Plants were grown in sand culture with nutrients supplied as solutions. Nitrogen uptake over a I-week period commencing at the time of a defoliation event was estimated using l5N as a tracer. L. perenne had greater dry weight and nitrogen uptake than F. rubra. Neighbours reduced nitrogen uptake per plant. When neighbours were present, clipping them more frequently resulted in greater uptake by sample plants. Over 57% of total plant uptake was partitioned towards the two youngest leaves. In mixtures of L. perenne with F. rubra, the percentages of the total pot dry weight and N content recovered in sample L. perenne plants increased when they were clipped less frequently, compared with when the accompanying F. rubra plants were clipped less frequently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1996.tb02059.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secondary Structure Prediction of TRH Precursors (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 553 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb54516.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen allocation and carbon isotope fractionation in relation to intercepted radiation and position in a young Pinus radiata D. Don tree (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The three dimensional distribution of intercepted radiation, intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and late summer needle nitrogen (N) concentration were determined at the tips of all 54 branches in a 6·2-m-tall Pinus radiata D. Don tree growing in a New Zealand plantation. Measurements included above- and below-canopy irradiance, leaf stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) and tree canopy architecture. The radiation absorption component of the model, MAESTRO, was tested on site and then used to determine the branch tip distribution of intercepted radiation. We hypothesized that in branch tip needles: (i) the allocation of nitrogen and other nutrients would be closely associated with the distribution of intercepted radiation, reflecting carbon gain optimization theory, and (ii) Ci would predominantly reflect changes in photosynthetic rate (A) rather than stomatal conductance (gs), indicating that the increase in A for a given increase in N concentration was larger than the corresponding increase in gs. Needle nitrogen concentration was poorly related to intercepted radiation, regardless of the period over which the latter was calculated. At a given height, there was a large azimuthal variation in intercepted radiation but N concentration was remarkably uniform around the tree canopy. There was, however, a linear and positive correspondence between N concentration and δ13C and needle height above ground (r2 = 0·73 and 0·68, respectively). The very strong linear correspondence between N concentration and Ci (r2 = 0·71) was interpreted, using gas exchange measurements, as supporting our second hypothesis. Recognizing the strong apical control in P. radiata and possible effects of leaf nitrogen storage in an evergreen species, we propose that the tree leader must have constituted a very strong carbon sink throughout the growing season, and that the proximity of branch tip needles to the leader affected their photosynthetic capacity and nutrient concentration, independent of intercepted radiation. This implies an integrated internal determination of resource allocation within the tree and challenges the current convention that resources are optimally distributed according to the profile of intercepted radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00314.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations in the amino acid composition of xylem sap of Betula pendula Roth. trees due to remobilization of stored N in the spring (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seasonal patterns of N translocation in the xylem sap of Betula pendula were studied, to determine whether specific amino acids were recovered in spring as a consequence of N remobilization. Seedlings were grown in sand culture and provided with 15NH415NO3 (at 2·2 atom percent excess) for one growing season. The following winter dormant trees were transplanted into fresh sand and given N at natural abundance thereafter. Destructive harvests were taken during bud burst and leaf growth to determine the pattern of 15N remobilization and N uptake, along with isolation of xylem sap for analysis of their amino acid profiles and 15N enrichment by GC-MS. 15N remobilization occurred immediately following bud burst, while N derived from root uptake did not appear in the leaves until 12 d after bud burst. During N remobilization there was a 10-fold increase in the concentration of N in the xylem sap, due predominantly to increases in citrulline and glutamine. The 15N enrichment of these two amino acids demonstrated the increase in their concentration in the xylem sap following bud burst was due to N remobilization. These results are discussed in relation to measuring N remobilization and storage capacity of trees in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00313.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of xylem sap amino acid concentrations in conjunction with whole tree transpiration estimates spring N remobilization by cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Prunus avium trees were grown in sand culture for one vegetative season with contrasting N supplies, in order to precondition their N storage capacities. During the spring of the second year a constant amount of 15N was supplied to all the trees, and the recovery of unlabelled N in the new biomass production was used as a direct measure of N remobilization. Destructive harvests were taken during spring to determine the pattern of N remobilization and uptake. Measurements of both xylem sap amino acid profiles and whole tree transpiration rates were taken, to determine whether specific amino acids are translocated as a consequence of N remobilization and if remobilization can be quantified by calculating the flux of these amino acids in the xylem. Whereas remobilization started immediately after bud burst, N derived from uptake by root appeared in the leaves only 3 weeks later. The tree internal N status affected both the amount of N remobilization and its dynamics. The concentration of xylem sap amino acids peaked shortly after bud burst, concurrently with the period of fastest remobilization. Few amino acids and amides (Gln, Asn and Asp) were responsible for most of N translocated through the xylem; however, their relative concentration varied over spring, demonstrating that the transport of remobilized N occurred mainly with Gln whereas transport of N taken up from roots occurred mainly with Asn. Coupling measurements of amino acid N in the xylem sap with transpiration values was well correlated with the recovery of unlabelled N in the new biomass production. These results are discussed in relation to the possibility of measuring the spring remobilization of N in field-grown trees by calculating the flux of N translocation in the xylem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00949.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in total leaf nitrogen and partitioning of leaf nitrogen drive photosynthetic acclimation to light in fully developed walnut leaves (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 24 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Comprehensive studies on the processes involved in photosynthetic acclimation after a sudden change in light regime are scarce, particularly for trees. We tested (i) the ability of photosynthetic acclimation in the foliage of walnut trees growing outdoors after low-to-high and high-to-low light transfers made early or late in the vegetation cycle, and (ii) the relative importance of changes in total leaf nitrogen versus changes in the partitioning of leaf nitrogen between the different photosynthetic functions during a 2 month period after transfer. Changes in maximum carboxylation rate, light-saturated electron transport rate, respiration rate, total leaf nitrogen, ribulose 1·5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and total chlorophylls were surveyed before and after the change in light regime. Respiration rate acclimated fully within 1 week of transfer, and full acclimation was observed 1 month after transfer for the amount of Rubisco. In contrast, total nitrogen and photosynthetic capacity acclimated only partially during the 2 month period. Changes in photosynthetic capacity were driven by changes in both total leaf nitrogen and leaf nitrogen partitioning. The extent of acclimation also depended strongly on leaf age at the time of the change in light regime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00784.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The accumulation and storage of nitrogen by herbaceous plants (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 11 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Accumulation of nitrogen (N) by plants in response to N supply outstripping demand is contrasted with storage of N, which implies that N in one tissue can be reused for the growth or maintenance of another. Storage can, therefore, occur in N-deficient plants; accumulation can not. The consequence of accumulation and storage of N is considered, particularly in relation to the reproductive growth of annual plants, which can often use a great deal of stored N. Nitrate and proteins are the forms of N most often stored in vegetative tissues and, quantitatively, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase is often the most important protein store. While storing nitrate will be less costly to the plant in terms of energy, protein stores offer several possible advantages. These advantages are (i) maximizing the potential for carbon assimilation, (ii) avoiding problems with the regulation of leaf turgor and (iii) allowing the reduction on nitrate to occur in the young, fully illuminated leaf.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1988.tb01769.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunosuppressive Effects of Soluble Cell Membrane Fractions, Donor Blood and Serum on Renal Allograft Survival (1970)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 227 (1970), S. 903-906 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Soluble cell membrane extracts of liver and spleen have been injected intravenously at the time of renal allografting. In dogs and rhesus monkeys there was slight prolongation of transplant survival in some experiments. Survival was markedly prolonged in 30 per cent of pigs, however. Donor blood ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/227903a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial structure in soil chemical and microbiological properties in an upland grassland (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 49 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We characterised the spatial structure of soil microbial communities in an unimproved grazed upland grassland in the Scottish Borders. A range of soil chemical parameters, cultivable microbes, protozoa, nematodes, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, community-level physiological profiles (CLPP), intra-radical arbuscular mycorrhizal community structure, and eubacterial, actinomycete, pseudomonad and ammonia-oxidiser 16S rRNA gene profiles, assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were quantified. The botanical composition of the vegetation associated with each soil sample was also determined. Geostatistical analysis of the data revealed a gamut of spatial dependency with diverse semivariograms being apparent, ranging from pure nugget, linear and non-linear forms. Spatial autocorrelation generally accounted for 40–60% of the total variance of those properties where such autocorrelation was apparent, but accounted for 97% in the case of nitrate-N. Geostatistical ranges extending from approximately 0.6–6 m were detected, dispersed throughout both chemical and biological properties. CLPP data tended to be associated with ranges greater than 4.5 m. There was no relationship between physical distance in the field and genetic similarity based on DGGE profiles. However, analysis of samples taken as close as 1 cm apart within a subset of cores suggested some spatial dependency in community DNA-DGGE parameters below an 8 cm scale. Spatial correlation between the properties was generally weak, with some exceptions such as between microbial biomass C and total N and C. There was evidence for scale-dependence in the relationships between properties. PLFA and CLPP profiling showed some association with vegetation composition, but DGGE profiling did not. There was considerably stronger association between notional sheep urine patches, denoted by soil nutrient status, and many of the properties. These data demonstrate extreme spatial variation in community-level microbiological properties in upland grasslands, and that despite considerable numeric ranges in the majority of properties, overarching controlling factors were not apparent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2004.03.005
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