Call number:
9783319664446 (e-book)
Description / Table of Contents:
This textbook presents a comprehensive process-oriented approach to biogeochemistry that is intended to appeal to readers who want to go beyond a general exposure to topics in biogeochemistry, and instead are seeking a holistic understanding of the interplay of biotic and environmental drivers in the cycling of elements in forested watersheds. The book is organized around a core set of ecosystem processes and attributes that collectively help to generate the whole-system structure and function of a terrestrial ecosystem. In the first nine chapters, a conceptual framework is developed based on distinct soil, microbial, plant, atmospheric, hydrologic, and geochemical processes that are integrated in the element cycling behavior of watershed ecosystems. With that conceptual foundation in place, students then proceed to the final three chapters where they are challenged to think critically about integrated element cycling patterns; roles for biogeochemical models; the likely impacts of disturbance, stress, and management on watershed biogeochemistry; and linkages among patterns and processes in watersheds experiencing novel environmental changes.
Included with the text are figures, tables of comparative data, extensive literature citations, a glossary of terms, an index, and a set of 24 biogeochemical problems with answers. The problems are intended to support chapter concepts and to demonstrate how critical thinking skills, simple algebra, and thoughtful human logic can be used to solve applied problems in biogeochemistry that might be encountered by a research scientist or a resource manager.
Using this book as an introduction to biogeochemistry, students will achieve a level of subject mastery and disciplinary perspective that will permit them to see and to interpret the individual components, interactions, and synergies that are represented in the dynamic element cycling patterns of watershed ecosystems.
Type of Medium:
12
Pages:
1 Online-Ressource (XIII, 203 Seiten)
,
Illustrationen, Diagramme
ISBN:
9783319664446
,
978-3-319-66444-6
ISSN:
2510-1307
,
2510-1315
Series Statement:
Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment
URL:
Ebook (access only within the AWI network)
DOI:
10.1007/978-3-319-66444-6
Language:
English
Note:
Contents
1 General Chemical Concepts
Introduction
Periodic Table and Element Groups
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Reactions, Stoichiometry, and Kinetics
Equilibrium, Steady-State, and Residence Time
General Concepts of Organic Chemistry
Aqueous Solubility and Polarity
Diffusion and Osmotic Potential
Freezing Exclusion and Concentration of Solutes
Defining Dissolved and Particulate Phases
SI Units and Concentrations
Ionic Charge Balance
Stable Isotope Chemistry
2 Soil Biogeochemistry
Introduction
Soil Formation and Pedogenesis
Soil Classification
Soil Texture and Coarse Fragments
Soil Moisture
Mineralogy
Physical-Chemical Features of Clays and Other Soil Colloids
Clay Colloids
Humic Colloids
Chemical Processes in Soils
Ion Exchange and Adsorption in Soils
Soil Ion Exchange Chemistry and Base Saturation
Acidification
Complexation
Leaching
Dissolution and Precipitation Reactions
Comparative Analysis of Soil Chemical Properties
Soil Exchange Chemistry
Soil Distributions of Aluminum
Vertical Distributions of Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in Soils
Forms of Organic Nitrogen in Soils
Patterns of Soil Solution Chemistry
Integrated Processes of Nutrient Supply and Storage in Soils
3 Microbial Biogeochemistry
Introduction
Redox Conditions
Microbial Nitrogen Transformations
Nitrogen Fixation
Mineralization or Ammonification
Nitrogen Immobilization
Nitrification
Denitrification
Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA)
Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction
Microbial Sulfur Transformations
Mineralization of Organic Sulfur
Anaerobic Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction
Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction
Microbial Carbon Transformations
Fermentation
Methane Production
Organic Acid Synthesis by Microbes
Microbial Processes that Contribute to Bioremediation or Metal Transformations
4 Plant Biogeochemistry
Introduction
General Plant Chemistry
Plant Functional Morphology and Growth Allocation
Aboveground Structure and Function
Belowground Structure and Function of the Root System
Growth Allocation and Root:Shoot Relationships
Carbon Fixation, Metabolism, and Plant Production
Photosynthesis and Nutrients
Photosynthesis and Water
Respiration and Metabolism
Exchange of Carbon Dioxide in a Forest Ecosystem
Energy Budgets and Primary Production
Whole-Plant Carbon Cycling and Allocation
Metabolic Allocation to Plant Defense
Plant Nutrient Cycling
Plant Nutrient Absorption
Implications of Nutrient Uptake for Acid-Base Chemistry
Plant Transport or Translocation of Nutrients
Plant Nutrient Resorption
Detrital Cycling of Plant Nutrients
Plant Canopy Processes Affecting Element Cycling
NUE as an Index of Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Cycling
Nutrient Limitation
Effects of Chemical Stress on Plants
Effects of Acidic Deposition on Plant Membrane-Bound Calcium
Aluminum Antagonism and Toxicity Stress
Plant Responses to Ozone Stress
5 Cycling of Organic Matter
Introduction
Ecosystem Perspective
Storage of Organic Matter in Forest Soils, Biomass, and Woody Debris
Soil Organic Matter and Soil Carbon Storage
Forest Floor Storage
Turnover Rates and Age of Soil Organic Matter Reservoirs
Influence of Land Management and Disturbance on SOM
Aboveground and Belowground Biomass
Coarse Woody Debris
Transfers of Organic Matter in Detritus and Solution
Aboveground Litterfall
Belowground Detrital Inputs From Root Mortality and Turnover
Solution Transfers of DOM
Decomposition of Organic Matter
General Processes of Decomposition
Wood Decay Processes
Decomposition Rates and Decay Constants
Element Cycling Patterns in Decaying Organic Matter
Substrate Controls on Decomposition
Environmental Controls on Decomposition
Biological Influences on Decomposition
Transfers of CO2 in the Organic Matter Budget of a Forest Ecosystem
6 Atmospheric Deposition
Introduction
Atmospheric Chemistry
Deposition Processes and Patterns
Atmospheric Emissions and Deposition of Sulfur and Nitrogen
Measurement and Analysis of Atmospheric Deposition
Wet Deposition
Dry Deposition
Analysis of Precipitation Chemistry
Environmental Patterns of Precipitation Chemistry and Atmospheric Deposition
Daily Patterns
Monthly Patterns
Multi-year Trends in Precipitation Chemistry
Long-Term Historical Trends in Atmospheric Deposition of Mercury
Spatial Patterns: Deposition in North America
Spatial Patterns: Influence of Vegetation and Canopy Structure on Atmospheric Deposition
Spatial Patterns: Comparison of Atmospheric Deposition at Different Forest Sites
Modeling Atmospheric Deposition Patterns
A Case Study of Deposition Inputs to a Forest Ecosystem
7 Mineral Weathering
Introduction
Ecosystem Context
Mineral Weathering Processes
Heterogeneous Mineral Weathering at Different Scales
Controls on Mineral Weathering Rates
Mineralogical Controls
Influence of Acidity and Complexing Ligands on Weathering Rates
Experimental Effects of Acidity on Weathering Rates
Physical Influences on Weathering Rates
Biotic Influences on Mineral Weathering Rates
Influence of Mineral Dissolution on the Solution Chemistry of Natural Waters
Genesis and Weathering of Clays
Methods of Estimating Weathering Contributions to Ecosystem Element Budgets
Mass Balance Estimation
Element Tracers as Indicators of Weathering Rates
Weathering Estimation with Mineral Depletion Techniques
Comparison of Weathering Estimates
Comparison of Weathering in Different Ecosystems
8 Watershed Hydrology
Ecosystem and Landscape Perspectives
Influence of Geology and Soils on Storage and Movement of Water
Soil Hydrologic Properties
Water Movement and Streamflow Generation in a Watershed
Inferring Stream Hydrology from Stream Chemistry in Small Watersheds
Water Balance of a Watershed Ecosystem
Measurement Techniques for Ecosystem Water Budgets
Components of a Water Budget: Precipitation Inputs
Components of a Water Budget: Evapotranspiration (ET)
Components of a Water Budget: Hydrologic Storage
Components of a Water Budget: Stream Runoff
Integrated Analysis of a Water Budget
9 Aqueous Chemistry
Introduction
An Example of Soil Solution Chemistry: Analysis and Interpretation
General Concepts of Aqueous Chemistry
Sample Collection and Analysis
Selection of Analytical Parameters
Alkalinity or Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC)
Acidity and pH
Conductivity
Ionic Strength and Ion Activity
Influence of Temperature on Solution Equilibria
Hydrolysis and Chemical Speciation as a Function of pH
Rate-Limited Versus Equilibrium Conditions
Differential Anion Mobility
Effects of Ecosystem Processes on Solution Chemistry
Case Studies: Analysis and Interpretation of Aqueous Chemistry in Natural Waters
Controls on the Chemistry of Forest Floor Leachates
Comparison of Stream Chemistry Along a Hydrologic Flow Gradient
Changes in Solution Chemistry and ANC Generation Along a Watershed Drainage Gradient
Effects of Land Use on Watershed Exports of Nutrients in Stream Runoff
10 Integrated Element Cycling
Introduction
General Concepts of Element Cycling
Terminology
Comparison of Element Cycles in Terrestrial Ecosystems
Nitrogen Cycle
Calcium Cycle
Aluminum Cycle
Nutrient Cycling in Relation to Ecosystem Succession
Chemical Input-Output Budgets for Watershed Ecosystems
Element Cycling at the Landscape Scale: Exports of N and P from Large Watersheds
Element Cycling at the Global Scale
Global Nitrogen Cycle
Global Carbon Cycle
11 Biogeochemical Models
Introduction
Considerations in the Development of a Biogeochemical Model
Steps in Building a Biogeochemical Model
An Introductory Model of Watershed Nitrogen Cycling
Applications of Biogeochemical Models
TREGRO: A Model to Simulate Plant Responses to Interacting Stresses
TEM: A Global Model of Net Primary Productivity
The CENTURY Soil Organic Matter Model
PnET-BGC: An Integrated Biogeochemical Model
Watershed Acidification Models
Nutrient Cycling Models
Models in Watershed Hydrology
12 Ecosystem Disturbance and Stress
Introduction
Disturbance and Recovery in the Context of Ecological Succession
Effects of Forest Harvesting on Watershed Ecosystems
Twenty Years of Recovery Following H
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