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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf growth dynamics of two congener gymnosperm tree species reflect the heterogeneity of light intensities given in their natural ecological niche (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana and Chamaecyparis formosensis are congener gymnosperm tree species native to Taiwan cloud forests; occupying different niches there. While the seedlings of C. formosensis occur predominantly under bright conditions in large forest gaps, seedlings of C. obtusa var. formosana are mainly found below the canopy of mature forests or in small gaps. It is well known that congener species occupying different niches typically differ in several ecophysiological and morphological traits, but the differences in growth dynamics of such species are still totally unclear, as the diurnal growth dynamics of gymnosperm leaves have not been investigated before. Modern methods of digital image sequence processing were used in this study to analyse the leaf growth dynamics of the two species. We found that both species show similar base–tip gradients and pronounced diurnal growth rhythms with maxima in the evening. Differences between the two species concerning their growth dynamics correlated closely with their ecological amplitudes and abundances. Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana grew faster than C. formosensis in low light intensity, typical for closed-canopy situations, and reacted quickly by increasing or decreasing growth rate when light intensity changed within a range typically found below small canopy gaps. In contrast to this, C. formosensis grew better in light intensities typical for open vegetation situations, but reacted slower towards changes of light intensity. Based on those results, the hypothesis can be developed that fluctuations of leaf growth dynamics reflect heterogeneities of the light environment within the niche occupied by a given species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01386.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abscisic acid inhibits shoot elongation of Scirpus mucronatus (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 97 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The relationships between free ABA levels and shoot elongation were investigated in shoots of Scirpus mucronatus L. Under submergence, shoot elongation increased but free ABA levels decreased. The extent of the increase in length and the decrease in free ABA in submerged shoots increased with the increase of water depth. When the shoots were transferred to air after 12 days of submergence, they ceased to elongate and the free ABA levels recovered to the values of air-grown shoots. ABA, at concentrations from 1 μM to 1 mM, inhibited the submergence-induced shoot elongation. In ambient air, fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, at 7 μM decreased the free ABA levels in shoots but increased shoot elongation. The effects could be reversed by 10 μM ABA. These results indicate that ABA is an internal inhibitor of shoot growth in Scirpus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00470.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of putrescine in enhancing shoot elongation in Scirpus mucronatus under submergence (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 96 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Changes in polyamine biosynthesis in relation to submergence-enhanced shoot elongation were determined in shoots of Scirpus mucronatus L. Under submergence, the levels of free putrescine and the activities of arginine decarboxylase (ADC, EC 4.1.1.19) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) increased, but the levels of free spermidine and spermine and the activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC, EC 4.1.1.50) decreased. The increases in free putrescine and shoot elongation in submerged shoots diminished from the base to the apex. The increase in free putrescine in submerged shoots was coincident with the increase in shoot length. The submergence-induced increases in free putrescine and shoot elongation were inhibited by both 5 μMa-difluoromethylarginine and 5 μMa-difluoromethylornithine, and the inhibitory effects were reversed by 50 μM putrescine. These overall results indicate that ADC- and ODC-mediated putrescine synthesis is essential for the elongation of Scirpus shoots grown under submergence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00453.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autointoxication mechanism ofOryza sativa (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 839-859 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; autointoxication ; Oryza sativa ; rice productivity ; phytotoxicity ; phytotoxic phenolics ; top dressing ; paddy soil chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate added as a top dressing and rice straw were incorporated into soil to understand their effect on the chemical nature of the paddy soil and on the growth and yield of rice plants during two successive crop seasons. Redox potential (Eh) determination indicated that the paddy soil appeared to be the reduced form in mixture with rice residues. The amounts of ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +—N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3 −—N) were significantly higher in the second crop than in the first crop, and the quantity of NH4 +—N was about 10 times greater than that of NO3 −—N. The incorporation of rice straw decreased both the available nitrogen and the soil cations, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, and Na+. The quantity of Zn2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, and Na+ was significantly lower in the second crop that that in the first. The growth and yield of rice plants were significantly affected by cultural treatment; thus the ammonium sulfate dressing treatment resulted in higher yields than the potassium nitrate treatment. The NH4 +—N treatment had an antagonistic effect on the phytotoxic nature of rice straw decomposed in soil. The phytotoxicity (primarily phenolic type compounds) of aqueous extracts of soil varied between treatments and was significantly higher in the soil which had been mixed with rice straw. This finding correlated well with the higher amounts of phytotoxic plant phenolics produced by the decomposing rice residues in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986568
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelopathic research of subtropical vegetation in Taiwan II. Comparative exclusion of understory byPhyllostachys edulis andCryptomeria japonica (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1489-1507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; comparative exclusion ; phytotoxins ; phytotoxic phenolics ; Phyllostachys edulis ; Cryptomeria japonica ; bamboo ; conifer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract On many hillsides of Taiwan there is a unique pattern of weed exclusion byPhyllostachys edulis (bamboo) andCryptomeria japonica (conifer) in which the density, diversity, and dominance of understory species are very different. Although the physical conditions of light, soil moisture, and soil nutrients strongly favor the growth of understory in a bamboo community, the biomass of its undergrowth is significantly low, indicating that physical competition among the understory species in the bamboo and conifer communities does not cause the observed differences. However, the biochemical inhibition revealed by these two plants appeared to be an important factor. The growth ofPellionia scabra seedlings, transplanted from the study site into greenhouse pots, was evidently suppressed by the aqueous leachate of bamboo leaves but was stimulated by that of conifer leaves. The radicle growth of lettuce, rye grass, and rice plants was also clearly inhibited by the leachate and aqueous extracts of bamboo leaves but not by those of conifer leaves. Six phytotoxins,o-hydroxyphenylacetic,p-hydroxybenzoic,p-coumaric, vanillic, ferulic, and syringic acids were found in the aqueous leachate and extracts of leaves and alcoholic soil extracts ofP. edulis, while the first three compounds were absent in the extracts ofC. japonica. The phytotoxicities of extracts were correlated with the phytotoxins present in both leaves and soils. The understory species might be variously tolerant to the allelopathic compounds produced by the two plants, resulting in a differential selection of species underneath. Therefore, comparative allelopathic effects ofPhyllostachys edulis andCryptomeria japonica may play significant roles in regulating the populations of the understories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The selective allelopathic interaction of a pasture-forest intercropping in Taiwan (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 207-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: allelopathy ; Alnus formosana ; Cinnamomum camphora ; Zelkova formosana ; kikuyu grass ; pasture-forest intercropping ; Pennisetum clandestinum ; phenolics ; phytotoxins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An allelopathic interaction of a pasture-forest intercropping system was evaluated by field and greenhouse experiments and by laboratory assays. A study site was situated in the farm of Hoshe Forestry Experiment Station at Nantou County, Taiwan. After deforestation of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), a split plot design of 8 treatments was set up: open ground without planting as control, planted with kikuyu grass, planted with kikuyu grass andAlnus formosana, planted with kikuyu grass andZelkova formosana, planted with kikuyu grass andCinnamomum camphora, planted withA. formosana, planted withZ. formosana, and planted withC. camphora. Field measurements showed that weeds grew luxuriantly six months after treatment in plots which had not been planted with kikuyu grass. However, the growth of weeds was significantly retarded but that of woody plants was not affected when the plots were planted with kikuyu grass. As compared with the tap water control, the aqueous leachate of kikuyu grass stimulated the seedling growth ofC. camphora andA. formosana, but the extract stimulated the growth ofC. camphora and inhibited that ofA. formosana. In contrast, the aqueous extracts of three hardwood plants exhibited variable inhibition on the root initiation of kikuyu grass, and the extract ofZ. formosana revealed the highest phytotoxic effect. The aforementioned extracts and leachates were bioassayed against seed germination and radicle growth of four test plants, namely annual rye grass, perennial rye gras, tall fescue, and Chinese cabbage and against seedling growth ofMiscanthus floridulus. The extract ofZ. formosana revealed the highest phytotoxic effect on the test species while that of kikuyu grass showed the least effect. By means of paper chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, phytotoxic phenolics were identified and the amount of phytotoxins present was highest in the extract ofZ. formosana but was lowest in that of kikuyu grass. The degree of phytotoxicity and amount of phytotoxins was in good correlation, indicating that a selective allelopathic effect was involved. The findings suggest that allelopathy may contribute benefits in the intercropping system to reduce the need for herbicides and to lessen the labour cost for weed control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02214549
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelopathic research of subtropical vegetation in Taiwan (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1431-1448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; weed exclusion ; Leucaena leucocephala ; phytotoxins ; mimosine ; phytotoxic phenolics ; forest plantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Leucaena leucocephala plantations in Kaoshu, southern Taiwan, exhibit, after several years of growth, a unique pattern of weed exclusion beneathLeucaena canopy. The pattern has been observed in manyLeucaena plantations in Taiwan and is particularly pronounced in the area where a substantial amount ofLeucaena litter has accumulated on the ground. Field data showed that the phenomenon was primarily not due to physical competition involving light, soil moisture, pH, and nutrients. Instead, aqueous extracts ofLeucaena fresh leaves, litter, soil, and seed exudate showed significantly phytotoxic effects on many test species, including rice, lettuce,Acacia confusa, Alnus formosana, Casuarina glauca, Liquidambar formosana, andMimosa pudica. However, the extracts were not toxic to the growth ofLeucaena seedlings. The decomposing leaves ofLeucaena also suppressed the growth of the aforementioned plants grown in pots but did not inhibit that ofLeucaena plants. By means of paper and thin-layer chromatography, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography, 10 phytotoxins were identified. They included mimosine, quercetin, and gallic, protocatechuic,p-hydroxybenzoic,p-hydroxyphenylacetic, vanillic, ferulic, caffeic, andp-coumaric acids. The mature leaves ofLeucaena possess about 5% dry weight of mimosine, the amount varying with varieties. The seed germination and radicle growth of lettuce, rice, and rye grass were significantly inhibited by aqueous mimosine solution at a concentration of 20 ppm, while that of the forest species mentioned was suppressed by the mimosine solution at 50 ppm or above. However, the growth ofMiscanthus floridulus andPinus taiwanensis was not suppressed by the mimosine solution at 200 ppm. The seedlings ofAgeratum conzoides died in mimosine solution at 50 ppm within seven days and wilted at 300 ppm within three days. It was concluded that the exclusion of understory plants was evidently due to the allelopathic effect of compounds produced byLeucaena. The allelopathic pattern was clearly shown in the area with a heavy accumulation ofLeucaena leaf litter, which was a result of drought and heavy wind influence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012362
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelopathic research of subtropical vegetation in Taiwan. IV (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2149-2159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; phytotoxicity ; phytotoxic phenolics ; grass leachate ; Digitaria decumbens ; Brachiaria mutica ; Panicum repens ; Imperata cylindrica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The phytotoxicity of plant leachates was evaluated from four subtropical grasses:Brachiaria mutica, Digitaria decumbens, Imperata cylindrica var. Major, andPanicum repens. The aqueous leachate of each grass was used to water the growth of the four grasses in pots. The leachates exhibited variable inhibition of grass growth as compared to the tap water control. By the 41st day after treatment, the leachate ofD. decumbens significantly suppressed the growth of itself and retarded that ofB. mutica andP. repens. The growth ofB. mutica was inhibited by its own leachate, but that ofI. cylindrica was not affected by any of the grass leachates. In crop growth rate (CGR) analysis, the four grass leachates exhibited a similar inhibition pattern. In laboratory bioassays, the leachates showed a significant phytotoxic effect on the radicle growth of ryegrass and lettuce. Six phytotoxic phenolics were quantitatively compared by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the amount of compounds varied with species. The highest total amount of phytotoxic phenolics occurred inD. decumbens, followed, in decreasing order, byP. repens, B. mutica, andI. cylindrica. These findings show that the leachates of four grasses possess phytotoxic compounds that may play a significant role in grass dominance in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01207445
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelopathic dominance ofMiscanthus transmorrisonensis in an alpine grassland community in Taiwan (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2267-2281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Miscanthus transmorrisonensis ; allelopathy ; phytotoxin ; population ; phenolics ; plant diversity ; grassland community
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A study site located at 2600 m elevation in Tartarchia Anpu, Nantou county, Taiwan, exhibits a unique grassland community composed of two principal species,Miscanthus transmorrisonensis andYushinia niitakayamensis, and 35 other species. The relative frequencies of the two species are 12% and 11%, while their relative coverages are 25% and 19.5%, respectively. The values for the remaining 35 species are lower than4% each, while species diversity of the community is −3.04839, indicating great diversity. To elucidate the mechanism of dominance ofM. transmorrisonensis, allelopathic evaluation of the plant was conducted. Aqueous extracts of M.Transmorrisonensis plant parts with two ecotypes were bioassayed. The extracts showed significant phytotoxic effects on seed germination and radicle growth of four tested plants: rye grass, lettuce, and two varieties of Chinese cabbage. In addition, rhizosphere soils underMiscanthus also exhibited significant phytotoxicity, indicating that allelopathic interaction was involved. Some responsible phytotoxic phenolics, namely, p-coumaric, ferulic, vanillic, protocatechuic, o-hydroxyphenylacetic, andm-hydroxyphenylacetic acids, and 4-hydroxycoumarin and phloridzin were identified. Allelopathy thus can play an important role in regulating plant diversity in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988007
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelopathic Potential of Acacia confusa and Related Species in Taiwan (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 2131-2150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acacia confusa ; allelopathy ; phytotoxicity ; phytotoxin ; phenolics ; flavonoids ; herbicide ; sustainable agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acacia confusa (an endemic species) and other introduced species, namely A. aulacocarpa, A. auricumiformis, A. cincinnata, A. crassicarpa, A. leptocarpa, A. margium, A. polystachya, and A. torfilis were evaluated for allelopathic potential. Among these, A. confusa is widely distributed on the hills and lowlands of Taiwn and often exhibits a unique pattern of weed exclusion under stands. Four study sites were selected. Field observations and measurements were carried out at sites that exhibited relatively pure stands of A. confusa. Although the diversity of understory species was comparatively higher in Acacia stands than in adjacent weedy sites, the total coverage and biomass of understory plants was significantly lower than in control sites. Aqueous extracts (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) of dry leaves and litter of Acacia confusa and other species collected from various sites and dates were bioassayed using lettuce, alfalfa, and Chinese cabbage to examine their phytotoxicity. Most extracts exhibited phytotoxicity even at a concentration as low as 0.5%. Inhibition of radicle growth of test plants varied with sampling sites and dates. Bioassay with 5% extracts or above produced more than 85% inhibition of test plants regardless of habitat. In addition, surface soils collected from the upper 20 cm layer of Acacia stands revealed significant inhibition as compared with adjacent grassland control soils. The most inhibitory compounds isolated from the ether fraction of aqueous extracts were identified as: ferulic, vanillic, caffeic, gallic, m-hydroxybenzoic, and m-hydroxyphenylacetic acids. Unidentified flavonoids were also found. Chromatographic bioassays of compounds isolated from both ethyl acetate and water fractions of methanolic extracts of Acacia leaves also showed significant phytotoxicity but none was found in the fractions of chloroform and hexane, suggesting the phytotoxic compounds present in Acacia plants are water soluble.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020745928453
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