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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of drug oxidation rates in man: Lack of correlation with serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid and 6β-hydroxycortisol (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Drug oxidation ; antipyrine ; phenylbutazone ; warfarin ; D-glucaric acid ; 6β-hydroxycortisol ; gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma half-lives and clearances of antipyrine, phenylbutazone and warfarin, the 24 h urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid and 6β-hydroxycortisol, and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity were measured in a group of healthy young volunteer subjects who were not taking other drugs. The half-lives of antipyrine and phenylbutazone were positively correlated (r=0.581), and so were the clearances of phenylbutazone and warfarin (r=0.796), but there were no concordances between any of the other test parameters. The results indicate that, in the absence of overt microsomal enzyme induction or inhibition, none of the tests would be of predictive value in the assessment of drug oxidation in clinical practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614394
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the human light reflex as a measure of the anticholinergic effects of drugs. A comparison with other measures (1979)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 21-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pupillometry ; light reflex ; atropine ; nortryptyline ; procyclidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of atropine, nortriptyline, procyclidine and lactose dummy were administered double-blind to eight healthy young subjects in a balanced, crossover study. Television pupillometry was used to measure the anticholinergic effects of these drugs on the pupil diameter in darkness and the reflex response to light flashes. The sensitivity of this method was compared with conventional autonomic function tests, viz. salivary secretion, radial pulse, forearm sweat gland activity and distance to visual near point. Visual analogue scales were used to obtain subjective measures of sedative drug effects. The expected inhibition of parasympathetic activity was found in most instances with two exceptions: firstly, that nortriptyline failed to affect the pupil despite causing a tachycardia and secondly, that procyclidine gave a bradycardia. The results are discussed with reference to the possible advantages of television pupillometry over conventional pupil measurement in the detection of anticholinergic drug effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563554
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cardiovascular effects of oral nifedipine and nicardipine: A double-blind comparison in healthy volunteers using transthoracic bioimpedance cardiography (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 39 (1990), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine nicardipine ; transthoracic electrical bioimpedance ; cardiac output ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cardiovascular effects of single oral doses of nifedipine (5 and 10 mg) and nicardipine (20 and 30 mg) were compared in a placebo controlled double-blind crossover study involving 8 healthy male volunteers. Two hours following drug administration stroke volume and cardiac index were measured non-invasively using transthoracic electrical bioimpedance cardiography during passive tilting, graded bicycle exercise, and recovery from exercise. Two separate experiments were performed in the absence of active drug to allow the reproducibility of the measurements to be assessed. Coefficients of variation (within experiment/between experiments) for cardiac index were 7.0%/19.9% at rest and 11.5%/9.3% at 180 W exercise. Both nifedipine and nicardipine increased stroke volume and cardiac index and reduced total peripheral resistance (mean blood pressure/cardiac index) at all times in the experiment. Reductions in peripheral resistance were similar for nifedipine 10 mg and nicardipine 20 mg but in these doses slightly larger increases in heart rate were produced by nifedipine, and in stroke volume and cardiac index with nicardipine. The study shows that the cardiovascular effects of nifedipine and nicardipine can be detected using impedance cardiography which is a simple, safe, and inexpensive technique. The differences between the effects of the two drugs were small. Although some were of statistical significance and are consistent with a less marked cardiode-pressant effect for nicardipine, the clinical importance of these observations is uncertain. Further studies to examine the effect of oral nifedipine and nicardipine in patients with impaired ventricular function may be helpful in clarifying this issue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315102
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crown moisture and prediction of plant mortality in drought-stressed alfalfa (1997)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 17 (1997), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Withholding alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) irrigations during the summer, a practice referred to as summer irrigation termination (SIT), can conserve substantial amounts of water in long-season desert environments; however, plant mortality associated with SIT may be substantial. Proper timing of re-irrigation is critical for minimizing mortality and yield reductions following SIT. Procedures that would permit probable mortality prediction during drought stress would improve management efficiency with SIT. This study was conducted to determine (1) whether plant mortality occurs once the moisture content of the plant woody stem portions (crown) falls below some critical threshold and (2) if such a threshold could be used to predict the likelihood of plant mortality during SIT. Crown samples were taken from single, spaced, field-grown plants in Tucson, Arizona, at the end of a 84-day SIT period in 1994. A crown moisture content of about 42% was identified as a likely threshold critical for crown tissue SIT survival. This value was then used to predict whole-plant mortality of alfalfa grown in solid-seeded plots comparable to commercial fields. Crown samples were taken at five locations within the field along a solid gradient that was related to plant mortality. At each sampling location, the proportion of samples with less than 42% crown moisture was used to predict plant mortality. Predicted mortality slightly overestimated actual mortality but differences between predicted and observed mortality were significant for only one of five sampling locations. Alfalfa growers may be able to use this simple method of crown moisture determination to prevent permanent yield reductions by initiating irrigation before substantial portions of crowns fall below the threshold moisture content of 42%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002710050026
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of carbohydrate on the development of a Cattleya hybrid in association with its mycorrhizal fungus (1993)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 3 (1993), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Carbohydrate ; Cattleya ; Orchid mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To investigate beneficial effects of mycorrhizal fungi to advanced leafy orchids, growth studies on the development of symbiotic seedlings of the orchid Cattleya (aclandiae x schoeffeldiana) x aclandiae were conducted in vitro over a period of 18 months using split plates with minerals and carbohydrates on one side and water agar on the other. Mycorrhizal infection and shoot and root growth of seedlings on the nutrient side were compared to growth on the water agar side with nutrient uptake by the orchid only possible via external mycorrhizal hyphae. Seed germination was followed by mycorrhizal infection and rapid development of protocorms on both nutrient and non-nutrient sides of the plates. With 0.5% starch, development of protocorms was sustained for a least 12 weeks, compared to only 6 weeks with 0.1% starch. Advanced protocorms with two small leaves and a smoll root were transferred at week 22 to new fungal plates. When harvested at week 43, plantlets on 0.5% starch (both nutrient and water agar sides) had 2.7 times the dry weight of plantlets on 0.1% starch. Shoot-root ratios were higher on the lower level of carbon. In all plantlets, mycorrhizal infection involved less than 5% of the root length. With zero, 0.1% or 0.5% starch, the roots were re-infected on transfer to fresh fungal plates but young roots that developed following the transfer stayed free of infection, Plantlets on 0.5% starch (nutrient and water agar side) after 18 months had longer roots than plantlets grown in the absence of starch or on 0.1% starch. Shoots were small but significantly larger on the nutrient side than on the water agar side, independent of the carbohydrate level. The shoot-root ratio was highest on the nutrient side with no starch present. In this latter case, plantlet development was steady but plantlets on the non-nutrient side developed slowly; thus there was little evidence of nutrient translocation by the mycorrhizal fungus from the nutrient to the non-nutrient side in the absence of carbohydrates. Mycorrhizal infection is discussed as a mechanism for heterotrophic carbon assimilation. In advanced leafy orchids of Cattleya, external carbon resulted in increased root growth, decreased shoot/root ratio and sometimes yellowish-green plantlets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210693
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and phenotypic relationships in response to NaCl at different developmental stages in alfalfa (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 833-838 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic parameters ; Growth stage ; Lucerne ; Medicago sativa ; Salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The perennial forage alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) may be affected by salinity at all stages of development. Selection for increased seed germination or seedling growth in saline environments has not resulted in improved forage yield under salt stress. The purpose of this study was to determine genetic and phenotypic relationships between plant performance in the presence of NaCl at three developmental stages in alfalfa. Understanding these relationships may improve the efficiency of breeding programs aimed at increasing crop survival and yields in saline environments. Fourteen half-sib families were randomly chosen from both an experimental alfalfa population produced from two cycles of mass selection for improved forage regrowth yield at 80 mM NaCl (A80), as well as from an unselected control population (AC1). In two separate experiments, individual plant performance was measured in these families at seed germination (radicle length at 7 days), and during seedling growth (forage yield at 40 days post-planting) and post-harvest regrowth (forage yield at 67 and 95 days post-planting) in the presence of 0 or 80 mM NaCl. Genetic, phenotypic, and family rank correlation coefficients, and broad-sense and narrow-sense heritability estimates were calculated within each growth stage, NaCl level, and population. Radicle length was not highly correlated with seedling or regrowth forage yield within a population or across NaCl levels. Phenotypic correlations between seedling and regrowth yields were also low. Heritability estimates were higher at 0 NaCl in AC1 between all growth stages, but were greater in A80 at 80 mM NaCl. Genetic correlations between seedling and regrowth yields were all positive. This suggests that selection for forage yield in saline environments at harvests-1,-2, or -3 should not decrease performance at other stages. Genetic correlations between seedling and regrowth yields were higher in A80 than in AC1 at 80 mM NaCl. The results indicate that selection for increased alfalfa forage yield in saline environments at germination may not be optimum. Family selection at germination or during seedling growth may be more effective than individual plant selection at any growth stage in saline environments. The results suggest than selection methods which include each critical growth stage may be required to develop alfalfa cultivars with increased forage yield in saline environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226705
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of large mitochondrial RNA's in alfalfa (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 619-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Medicago sativa ; Mitochondrial RNA ; Organelle inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Several large RNA molecules that migrated to electrophoretic positions ranging from 1.7–10 kb were observed in preparation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) mitochondria. F1 progenies inherited the RNA's from both maternal and paternal parents (Fig. 1). Treatment of intact mitochondria with RNase A failed to remove the RNA's, indicating that they were contained within an RNase impermeable compartment. Further purification of mitochondria in linear sucrose gradients failed to separate the RNA's from mitochondria. Transmission electron microscopic examination of sucrose gradient purified mitochondria revealed that mitochondria were free of contamination by virus-like particles, indicating that the RNA's were contained within the mitochondrion. Biparental inheritance of large mitochondrial RNA's in alfalfa provides evidence that mitochondria are inherited biparentally in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260917
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biparental inheritance of chloroplast DNA and the existence of heteroplasmic cells in alfalfa (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 545-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Biparental plastid inheritance ; Chlorophyll deficient mutants ; ctDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mapping of chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) restriction fragment patterns from a chlorophyll deficient mutant and two phenotypically normal alfalfa genotypes (Medicago sativa L.) has demonstrated the existence of a distinct ctDNA genotype from each source. These unique restriction fragment patterns were utilized to identify maternal or paternal origin of ctDNA in hybrid plants from crosses involving the normal alfalfa genotypes as females and the yellow-green chlorophyll deficient sectors as males. Progeny from these crosses expressing the yellow-green sectored phenotypes contained paternal ctDNA in the chlorophyll deficient sectors and maternal ctDNA in the normal sectors, confirming biparental plastid inheritance. The existence of mixed cells containing both mutant and normal plastids at various stages of sorting-out was observed by transmission electron microscopy of mesophyll cells in mosaic tissue from hybrid plants. This observation verified the biparental transmission of plastids in alfalfa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260905
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative cytology of the alfalfa generative cell and its relation to male plastid inheritance patterns in three genotypes (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Medicago sativa ; Biparental cytoplasmic inheritance ; Plastid transmission ; Three-dimensional reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Studies utilizing restriction analysis of plastid DNA, as well as those employing chlorophyll-deficient mutants, have shown a high frequency of paternal plastid transmission in alfalfa. Recent research has also shown that plastid inheritance patterns among alfalfa genotypes and are under genetic control. In a previous study we were unable to detect any correlations between qualitative, three-dimensional ultrastructure of generative cells and male plastid transmission strength in certain genotypes. In the present study we used serial ultrathin sectioning, computerized reconstruction and quantitation, and stereology to further analyze generative cells within mature pollen. Measurements included volumes and surface areas of cells, nuclei, and organelles, as well as organelle number and distribution. Three genotypes were investigated, one that is a strong transmitter of male plastids (genotype 301), one that is a weaker transmitter of male plastids (genotype 7W), and a third that is an even weaker male plastid transmitter (genotype MS-5). Our results show that genotype MS-5 has significantly fewer plastids/generative cell than either of the other genotypes, which may account for it being a relatively poor transmitter of male plastids. However, plastid number does not explain known differences in male plastid inheritance between genotypes 301 and 7W, since plastid number does not differ significantly between these two genotypes. Regarding the other features of generative cells measured in this study, no consistent correlations were found that might account for differences in male plastid inheritance patterns between genotypes. Plastid distribution is equal in each end of the spindle-shaped generative cell in all genotypes studied. Similar relative results were found with regard to mitochondria within generative cells; however, comparative genetic data are not available on mitochondrial transmission patterns in alfalfa genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226107
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microgametophytic plastid nucleoid content and reproductive and life history traits of tribeTrifolieae (Fabaceae) (1995)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 196 (1995), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Medicago ; alfalfa ; Microgametophyte ; biparental inheritance ; DAPI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microgametophytic plastid nucleoids were quantified for 18 species representing the four core genera of the tribeTrifolieae (Fabaceae),Medicago, Melilotus, Trigonella, andTrifolium. Generative cells of all taxa contained nucleoids, establishing that biparental plastid inheritance is common in theTrifolieae. Nucleoid number and volumes of pollen grains and generative cell nuclei differed among taxa. Nucleoid number was positively correlated with pollen grain and generative cell nuclear volumes, flower size and style length. These relationships disappeared after adjusting nucleoid number for pollen grain and generative cell nuclear volumes. Adjusted nucleoid numbers provided no evidence to support hypotheses that plastid content is associated with ploidy level, mating system, perenniality or size of the reproductive apparatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985337
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