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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Branching Reaction. I. Chain Transfer of Styrene with Thiol, Alcohol and Nitrile1 (1956)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 78 (1956), S. 5394-5398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01601a062
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of the emulsion-precipitation polymerization of chlorotrifluoroethylene. 1. Kinetics of the polymerization (1993)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 26 (1993), S. 5577-5586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00073a008
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The stabilization effect of mixed-surfactants in the emulsion polymerization of styrene (1989)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 301-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The emulsion polymerization of styrene was performed at 50°C with a mixture of anionic and nonionic surfactants using different surfactant concentrations. In the single-surfactant systems, a proportional relationship was observed between the total particle surface area per cm3 of aqueous solution at 90% conversion (TS) and the amount of surfactant used for each polymerization. For mixed-surfactant systems an additivity was established between the TS value and surfactant composition. The study of the particle size data from low to high conversion showed that the particle number changed with conversion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955922
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of amphipathic poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymers (1993)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 31 (1993), S. 531-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of amphipathic diblock copolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The synthesis involved the coupling of acyl chloride-terminated PMMA block with methoxy poly(ethylene oxide) (MPEO). Carboxylic acid chloride-terminated PMMA was generated by treating with thionyl chloride the parent carboxylic PMMA, which was prepared by free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator and β-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as the chain transfer agent. The proposed mechanism of MMA polymerization is in good agreement with the experimental results which indicate that as a side reaction nonfunctional (aromatic) counterpart is produced in a small quantity. The coupling of the acyl chloride-terminated PMMA with MPEO was quantitative.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297888
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of polystyrene-block-polyoxyethylene for use as a stabilizer in the emulsion polymerization of styrene (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 1925-1933 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymeric surfactant ; polymeric stabilizers ; amphipathic block copolymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Five well-defined polystyrene-block-polyoxyethylene copolymers were synthesized by anionic polymerization for use as stabilizers in the emulsion polymerization of styrene. The size of the blocks and their relative weight ratios to each other were the main variables. The molecular weights of the blocks varied from M̄n = 1000-7000 for polystyrene, and M̄w = 3000-9000 for polyoxyethylene. The results of the styrene emulsion polymerization with these block copolymers as stabilizers indicate that for efficient anchoring the block length need not be more than 10 monomer units, possibly even less, and that the polyoxyethylene block M̄w = 3000 is just as capable of stabilizing the polystyrene particle as the higher molecular weight blocks. A very important factor was found to be the weight ratio of the two blocks: block copolymers with a polyoxyethylene content between 75 and 90 wt % were effective stabilizers for the emulsion polymerization of styrene © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080300915
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate using poly(methyl methacrylate-co-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate)-graft-polyoxyethylene as the stabilizer (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 (1991), S. 1423-1431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study involved the use of an amphipathic graft copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate)-graft-polyoxyethylene, as a stabilizer in the emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate. The stabilizing effectiveness of this graft copolymer was studied as a function of its chemical structure. It was found that the stabilizing effectiveness of the graft copolymer was independent of the molecular weight of the backbone within the investigated range of 4 × 103 g/mol to 2 × 104 g/mol. In all cases, stable emulsion polymerizations of methyl methacrylate were observed. Effective stabilization also occurred when the graft moieties possessed a molecular weight of either 2 × 103 g/mol or 5 × 103 g/mol. However, the stabilizing effectiveness was found to be dependent on the amount of polyoxyethylene (POE) contained in the graft copolymer. In this case, graft copolymers possessing 67% by weight POE were poor stabilizers, but ones with 85% POE were very good stabilizers. Moreover, the graft copolymers were found to be superior stabilizers as compared to POE homopolymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070420527
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate)-graft-polyoxyethylene (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 1577-1583 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study involved the synthesis and characterization of an amphipathic graft copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate)-graft-polyoxyethylene. This amphipathic graft copolymer was synthesized utilizing a “grafting-onto” technique in which α-hydroxy-ω-methoxypolyoxyethylene was reacted with prepolymerized poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate). Proof of copolymer formation was illustrated using water solubility, GPC, FTIR spectroscopy, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. In all cases, proof of copolymer formation is demonstrated unequivocally.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430821
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of steric length in electrosteric surfactants on emulsion polymerization (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 1415-1422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Four PPG Avanel Series S surfactants (sodium alkyl polyether sulfonates) with varying ethylene oxide content (n = 3, 7, 9, and 15) were used to investigate the influence of the steric length in this type of electrosteric stabilizers on emulsion polymerization. The polymerization studies employing potassium persulfate as an initiator with styrene, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate monomers showed no apparent change in particle size, number of particles, and polymerization rate with the changing steric length of the surfactant. Steric influences were observed in the redox-initiated systems of styrene, butyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate. Increasing the ethylene oxide unit content from three to nine units decreased the rate of polymerization, the particle size and number in the polystyrene latexes. Polymerizations with the acrylates displayed the same trend except that the polymerization rate reached a minimum value at nine ethylene oxide units and increased when the surfactant containing 15 ethylene oxide units was used.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370523
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Block copolymers obtained by free radical mechanism. II. Butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3103-3115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Block copolymers were synthesized using methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate as the monomers and a multifunctional initiator, di-t-butyl 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanoperoxyvalerate). The polymerizations for the formation of the block copolymers were carried out in two stages. First the poly(methyl methacrylate) polymeric initiator was synthesized and isolated. In the second stage, the thermallyactivated azo group in the polymer backbone initiated the polymerization of butyl acrylate. Upon termination by combination a tri-block results. Selective solvent fractionation was used to separate the block from the homopolymers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260924
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl gallate) by the chemical modification of poly(vinyl alcohol) (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 385-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl gallate) was successfully synthesized utilizing an esterification reaction in which poly(vinyl alcohol) was transesterified with methyl gallate under alkaline conditions. Aqueous solutions of this copolymer exhibited a sharp critical micelle concentration value, indicating that surface activity is exhibited by the copolymer. Most aqueous solutions of this copolymer possess a black coloring, which indicates that the gallate group is complexing with metal ions present in solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275592
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