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  • 11
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    Exceptional preservation of mid-Cretaceous marine arthropods and the evolution of novel forms via heterochrony (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Evolutionary origins of novel forms are often obscure because early and transitional fossils tend to be rare, poorly preserved, or lack proper phylogenetic contexts. We describe a new, exceptionally preserved enigmatic crab from the mid-Cretaceous of Colombia and the United States, whose completeness illuminates the early disparity of the group and the origins of novel forms. Its large and unprotected compound eyes, small fusiform body, and leg-like mouthparts suggest larval trait retention into adulthood via heterochronic development (pedomorphosis), while its large oar-like legs represent the earliest known adaptations in crabs for active swimming. Our phylogenetic analyses, including representatives of all major lineages of fossil and extant crabs, challenge conventional views of their evolution by revealing multiple convergent losses of a typical "crab-like" body plan since the Early Cretaceous. These parallel morphological transformations may be associated with repeated invasions of novel environments, including the pelagic/necto-benthic zone in this pedomorphic chimera crab.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 12
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    Left out in the cold: temperature‐dependence of defense in an African ant–plant mutualism (2019)
    Wiley
    In: Ecology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Many tropical plants are defended by ants, and the costs and benefits of these mutualisms can vary across gradients of herbivory, soil fertility, latitude, and other environmental factors. Yet despite an abundant literature documenting thermal constraints on ant activity and behavior, we know little about whether temperature variation can influence the benefits conferred by ants to plants. We evaluated the effects of dawn‐to‐dusk fluctuations in temperature on patrolling and aggressive behavior in four arboreal ant mutualists of Acacia drepanolobium trees in central Kenya. We found that ant aggressive behavior significantly increased with branch surface temperature, primarily in the two most aggressive ant species: Crematogaster mimosae and C. nigriceps workers attacked a simulated herbivore at higher rates as surface temperature rose. In a browsing experiment, we found that goats browsed more frequently and for longer durations on C. mimosae‐defended trees during cooler times of day, while goat browsing on plants from which ants had been removed was not affected by temperature. Our study demonstrates temperature‐dependence in the efficacy of ant defense against herbivory and suggests that these ant‐plants may be more vulnerable to herbivory during cooler hours of the day, when many native browsers are most active.
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 13
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    Practical Considerations Regarding the Use of Genotype and Pedigree Data to Model Relatedness in the Context of Genome-Wide Association Studies (2013)
    Genetics Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-09
    Description: Genome-wide association studies of complex traits often are complicated by relatedness among individuals. Ignoring or inappropriately accounting for relatedness often results in inflated type I error rates. Either genotype or pedigree data can be used to estimate relatedness for use in mixed-models when undertaking quantitative trait locus mapping. We performed simulations to investigate methods for controlling type I error and optimizing power considering both full and partial pedigrees and, similarly, both sparse and dense marker coverage; we also examined real data sets. (1) When marker density was low, estimating relatedness by genotype data alone failed to control the type I error rate; (2) this was resolved by combining both genotype and pedigree data. (3) When sufficiently dense marker data were used to estimate relatedness, type I error was well controlled and power increased; however, (4) this was only true when the relatedness was estimated using genotype data that excluded genotypes on the chromosome currently being scanned for a quantitative trait locus.
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Genetics Society of America (GSA)
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  • 14
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    E. coli formate hydrogenlyase [Biochemistry] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-24
    Description: Under anaerobic conditions, Escherichia coli can carry out a mixed-acid fermentation that ultimately produces molecular hydrogen. The enzyme directly responsible for hydrogen production is the membrane-bound formate hydrogenlyase (FHL) complex, which links formate oxidation to proton reduction and has evolutionary links to Complex I, the NADH:quinone oxidoreductase. Although the genetics,...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 15
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    GRB 090423 at a redshift of z approximately 8.1 (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-30
    Description: Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced by rare types of massive stellar explosion. Their rapidly fading afterglows are often bright enough at optical wavelengths that they are detectable at cosmological distances. Hitherto, the highest known redshift for a GRB was z = 6.7 (ref. 1), for GRB 080913, and for a galaxy was z = 6.96 (ref. 2). Here we report observations of GRB 090423 and the near-infrared spectroscopic measurement of its redshift, z = 8.1(-0.3)(+0.1). This burst happened when the Universe was only about 4 per cent of its current age. Its properties are similar to those of GRBs observed at low/intermediate redshifts, suggesting that the mechanisms and progenitors that gave rise to this burst about 600,000,000 years after the Big Bang are not markedly different from those producing GRBs about 10,000,000,000 years later.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Salvaterra, R -- Valle, M Della -- Campana, S -- Chincarini, G -- Covino, S -- D'Avanzo, P -- Fernandez-Soto, A -- Guidorzi, C -- Mannucci, F -- Margutti, R -- Thone, C C -- Antonelli, L A -- Barthelmy, S D -- De Pasquale, M -- D'Elia, V -- Fiore, F -- Fugazza, D -- Hunt, L K -- Maiorano, E -- Marinoni, S -- Marshall, F E -- Molinari, E -- Nousek, J -- Pian, E -- Racusin, J L -- Stella, L -- Amati, L -- Andreuzzi, G -- Cusumano, G -- Fenimore, E E -- Ferrero, P -- Giommi, P -- Guetta, D -- Holland, S T -- Hurley, K -- Israel, G L -- Mao, J -- Markwardt, C B -- Masetti, N -- Pagani, C -- Palazzi, E -- Palmer, D M -- Piranomonte, S -- Tagliaferri, G -- Testa, V -- England -- Nature. 2009 Oct 29;461(7268):1258-60. doi: 10.1038/nature08445.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate (LC), Italy. salvaterra@mib.infn.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19865166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 16
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    Conservation: the world's religions can help (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhagwat, Shonil -- Palmer, Martin -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 3;461(7260):37. doi: 10.1038/461037b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19727182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/*methods ; *Religion
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 17
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    A devonian spinneret: early evidence of spiders and silk use (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-10-27
    Description: A nearly complete spider spinneret was found in Middle Devonian rocks (about 385 to 380 million years old) near Gilboa, New York. This is the earliest evidence yet discovered for silk production from opisthosomal spigots, and therefore for spiders. Two previously known Devonian fossils described as spiders lack any apomorphies of the order Araneae and are probably not spiders. The spigots of the Devonian spinneret resemble those of members of the living suborder Mesothelae, but the number of spigots and their distribution are like those of members of the suborder Opisthothelae, infraorder Mygalomorphae. The Devonian spider belonged to a clade that may be the sister group of all other spiders, of Mesothelae, or of Opisthothelae.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shear, W A -- Palmer, J M -- Coddington, J A -- Bonamo, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Oct 27;246(4929):479-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17788699" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 18
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    Reciprocal rewards stabilize cooperation in the mycorrhizal symbiosis (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-13
    Description: Plants and their arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal symbionts interact in complex underground networks involving multiple partners. This increases the potential for exploitation and defection by individuals, raising the question of how partners maintain a fair, two-way transfer of resources. We manipulated cooperation in plants and fungal partners to show that plants can detect, discriminate, and reward the best fungal partners with more carbohydrates. In turn, their fungal partners enforce cooperation by increasing nutrient transfer only to those roots providing more carbohydrates. On the basis of these observations we conclude that, unlike many other mutualisms, the symbiont cannot be "enslaved." Rather, the mutualism is evolutionarily stable because control is bidirectional, and partners offering the best rate of exchange are rewarded.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kiers, E Toby -- Duhamel, Marie -- Beesetty, Yugandhar -- Mensah, Jerry A -- Franken, Oscar -- Verbruggen, Erik -- Fellbaum, Carl R -- Kowalchuk, George A -- Hart, Miranda M -- Bago, Alberto -- Palmer, Todd M -- West, Stuart A -- Vandenkoornhuyse, Philippe -- Jansa, Jan -- Bucking, Heike -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):880-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1208473.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. toby.kiers@vu.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21836016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Carbon/metabolism ; Glomeromycota/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Medicago truncatula/*microbiology/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycorrhizae/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Plant Roots/*microbiology/physiology ; RNA, Fungal/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 19
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    The cellular basis of GABA(B)-mediated interhemispheric inhibition (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-01
    Description: Interhemispheric inhibition is thought to mediate cortical rivalry between the two hemispheres through callosal input. The long-lasting form of this inhibition is believed to operate via gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA(B)) receptors, but the process is poorly understood at the cellular level. We found that the firing of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in rat somatosensory cortex due to contralateral sensory stimulation was inhibited for hundreds of milliseconds when paired with ipsilateral stimulation. The inhibition acted directly on apical dendrites via layer 1 interneurons but was silent in the absence of pyramidal cell firing, relying on metabotropic inhibition of active dendritic currents recruited during neuronal activity. The results not only reveal the microcircuitry underlying interhemispheric inhibition but also demonstrate the importance of active dendritic properties for cortical output.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palmer, Lucy M -- Schulz, Jan M -- Murphy, Sean C -- Ledergerber, Debora -- Murayama, Masanori -- Larkum, Matthew E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 24;335(6071):989-93. doi: 10.1126/science.1217276.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physiologisches Institut, Universitat Bern, Buhlplatz 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22363012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cerebrum/*physiology ; Corpus Callosum/physiology ; Dendrites/*physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Hindlimb ; Interneurons/physiology ; *Neural Inhibition ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, GABA-B/*metabolism ; Somatosensory Cortex/cytology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 20
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    The bright optical flash and afterglow from the gamma-ray burst GRB 130427A (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-23
    Description: The optical light generated simultaneously with x-rays and gamma rays during a gamma-ray burst (GRB) provides clues about the nature of the explosions that occur as massive stars collapse. We report on the bright optical flash and fading afterglow from powerful burst GRB 130427A. The optical and 〉100-megaelectron volt (MeV) gamma-ray flux show a close correlation during the first 7000 seconds, which is best explained by reverse shock emission cogenerated in the relativistic burst ejecta as it collides with surrounding material. At later times, optical observations show the emergence of emission generated by a forward shock traversing the circumburst environment. The link between optical afterglow and 〉100-MeV emission suggests that nearby early peaked afterglows will be the best candidates for studying gamma-ray emission at energies ranging from gigaelectron volts to teraelectron volts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vestrand, W T -- Wren, J A -- Panaitescu, A -- Wozniak, P R -- Davis, H -- Palmer, D M -- Vianello, G -- Omodei, N -- Xiong, S -- Briggs, M S -- Elphick, M -- Paciesas, W -- Rosing, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 3;343(6166):38-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1242316. Epub 2013 Nov 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24263131" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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