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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 50 (1994), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Crystal Growth 90 (1988), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 0022-0248
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0304-3991
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 3 (2000), S. 185-194 
    ISSN: 1292-895X
    Keywords: PACS. 61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: Contrary to most or all other materials, crystallization of chiral but racemic polymers such as isotactic polypropylene is accompanied by a conformational rearrangement which leads to helical geometries: the building units of the crystal are helical stems, -20nm long, which can be either right-handed or left-handed. Helical hand cannot be reversed within the crystal structure: it is therefore a permanent marker and an indicator of molecular processes (in particular segregation/selection of helical hands) which take place during crystal growth, and more precisely during the crucial step of “efficient” helical stem deposition. The issue of proper helical hand selection during polymer crystal growth is mainly illustrated with isotactic polypropylene. Its various crystalline polymorphs ( , , and smectic) display virtually all possible combinations of helical hands, azimuthal settings and even non-parallel orientation of helix axes in space. Furthermore, a specific homoepitaxy which generates a lamellar branching in the phase “quadrites” and composite structures makes it possible a) to determine the helical hand and associated azimuthal setting of every stem in the crystalline entities and b) to determine the impact on the crystal structure and morphology of “mistakes” in helical hand of the depositing stem. Analysis of these morphologies demonstrates that the crystallization of isotactic polypropylene (and by implication of other achiral, helical polymers) is a highly sequential and “substrate-determined” process, i.e. that the depositing stem probes the topography of the growth face prior to attachment. These observations appear difficult to reconcile with crystallization schemes in which molecules (helical segments) are prearranged in a kind of pseudo-crystalline bundle (and as such, are not subjected to the high constraints of crystal symmetry) before deposition as a preassembled entity on the substrate.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Thin Solid Films 250 (1994), S. 219-231 
    ISSN: 0040-6090
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 19 (1984), S. 1439-1445 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Selenium has been crystallized in the presence of linear polyphenyls, namelyp-ter andp-quaterphenyl, crystals by reheating from the glassy state to temperatures in the range 80 to 180°C. Oriented growth of selenium is observed. The epitaxial relationship is based on lattice matchings parallel and normal to the selenium chains. Similarities with epitaxial growth of polyethylene on the same organic substrates are discussed.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 29 (1994), S. 6159-6166 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The spontaneous phase II to phase I crystal-crystal transformation of polybutene-1 was investigated by electron diffraction and bright- and dark-field imaging of solution and thinfilm grown single crystals. Whole single crystals were observed to transform with a single phase II to phase I orientational relationship and, in the case of multiple orientations, the transformed areas were not dependent on growth sectors. These results do not support the views of Holland and Miller of a “twinned” phase II to I transformation determined by growth sectors but are consistent with a transformation scheme introduced by Fujiwara. Nucleation and growth of the transformation are further discussed.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 21 (1986), S. 659-668 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A recently developed technique of “polymer decoration” which makes use of the condensation and crystallization of polymer vapours is used to investigate the crystallographic interactions between polyethylene (PE) and talc, a well known nucleating agent of polymers. The interactions are of epitaxial character. The relationship involves the talc (0 0 1) and PE (1 1 0) contact planes, and is characterized by alignment of PE chains parallel to either [1 1 0]. [1 −1 0] or [1 0 0] directions of the talc substrate with matching of the 0.445 nm PE inter-chain and 0.457 nm talc inter-row distances. The PE-talc interactions underline the non-hexagonal symmetry of the substrate surface layer, as either one, two or all three of the above mentioned crystallographic directions we selected in the polymer-talc epitaxy. Polymer decoration is therefore proposed as a valuable new tool in investigating layered silicates as it provides information on the surface structure; it complements the classical gold decoration technique which provides information on the surface topography. Finally, crystallization of amorphous selenium on talc is shown to take place via an epitaxial relationship comparable to the polyethylene-talc one, with matching of seleniunn 0.4355 nm inter-chain and talc 0.457 nm inter-row distances.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 209 (1966), S. 115-128 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Einkristalle von verschiedenen Bloek-Copolymeren aus Polyäthylenoxid (PE) und Polystyrol (PS) wurden elektronenmikroskopisch zusammen mit Proben aus reinem Polyäthylenoxid geprüft. Diese Copolymeren kristallisieren in Form von quadratischen Tafeln oder langen Streifen von Schichten. Letztere zerbrechen in quadratisch geformte Vielschichten-Kristalle, die oft aus spiralisch verdrehten Stufen bestehen. Elektronen-Beugungsaufhahmen sichern, daß das Gitter das des PEO ist. Dieses Ergebnis in Verbindung mit Messungen der Schichtdicke aus Elektronenaufnahmen und Kleinwinkelbeugung ist in Übereinstimmung mit der früheren Vermutung, daß die Kristallblättchen aus kettengefalteten PEO-Kristallen als Sandwiches zwischen amorphem Polystyrol bestehen. Eine Vielzahl von Zügen des Habitus wurde bei den einzelnen Tafel-Kristallen beobachtet, gleich charakteristisch für Copolymere und für PEO-Homopolymere. Insbesondere wurden Effekte der Zwillingsbildung entdeckt und interpretiert, welche u. a. halfen, die früher gegebenen Erklärungen von Anomalien bei der Elektronenbeugung von reinem PEO zu klären. Die Prüfung der Tafel-Kristalle ergab verschiedene Arten von Unterteilungseffekten, Streifung und Kristallunterteilungen, sowohl morphologisch als auch durch selektive Streuung. Bei einigen Präparationen waren die Tafel-Doubletten hinsichtlich der PEO-Komponente in vollkommen regelmäßiger Atomanordnung, was auf reguläre Faltenoberflächen im Kontaktbereich mit diesen Doubletten schließen läßt. Einige neue Beobachtungen an Vielschicht-Aggregaten scheinen allgemein für Polymer-Kristall-Wachstum Gültigkeit zu haben. Insbesondere ist die lineare Anordnung von Schichten das Ergebnis aus einem Wachstum, initiiert durch eine Kette von Keimen.
    Notes: Summary Single crystals of various two block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-polystyrene (PS) were examined electronmicroscopically with examples of pure poly(ethylene oxide) included. These copolymers crystallise in the form of square tablets or long strings of layers, the latter breaking up into square shaped multilayer crystals often consisting of twisted spiral terraces. Electron diffraction patterns confirmed that the lattice is that of PEO. This result in combination with layer thickness measurements from electronmicrographs and by low angle X-rays is in agreement with the suggestion made previously that the crystal platelets consist of chain folded crystalline PEO sandwiched between amorphous PS. A variety of habit features were observed amongst the single tablet crystals equally characteristic of the copolymers and of the PEO homopolymer. In particular, twinning effects were detected and interpreted, which amongst others aided the elucidation of anomalies in the electron diffraction patterns of pure PEO found earlier. Examination of the crystal tablets revealed various kinds of sectorisation effects, striations and crystal halvings, both morphologically and by diffraction selection. In some preparations the tablets were doublets, with the PEO components in perfect atomic register suggesting regular fold surfaces in contact within these doublets. Some new observations made on the multilayer aggregates promises to be of general validity in polymer crystal growth. In particular, the string of layers result from growth initiated by a connected line of nuclei.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 209 (1966), S. 97-114 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Single crystals of copolymers, composed of one Poly(ethylene-oxide), (POE), and one Polystyrene (PS) block, (which may contain 55% of PS, by weight), have been prepared from dilute solutions. The principal crystal habits and their morphological variations, as observed with an optical microscope, are described and related to the unit cell of POE. Single crystals grown from various types of seeds, in which different external habits succeed one another, are also shown. Transitions of crystal habits and their dependence on crystallisation conditions are discussed in some detail. Generally, crystallisation of these copolymers produces some fractionation with respect to composition, for only a limited fraction of the initial PS can enter into the crystal. Two different crystal structures are proposed in which a single, or a double crystalline layer of folded POE is covered by amorphous PS. The fractionation process is interpreted on the basis of these two structural models, assuming a critical extension of the PS blocks anchored at one end to the fold surface of PEO.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einkristalle von Copolymeren aus einem Polyäthylenoxyd (PEO) und Polystyrol (PS)-Block, die gewichtsmäßig 55% PS enthalten können, wurden aus verdünnten Lösungen präpariert. Der grundsätzliche Charakter der Kristalle und ihre morphologischen Variationen, wie es in einem optischen Mikroskop beobachtet wird, ist beschrieben und mit der Elementarzelle PEO in Beziehung gebracht. Einkristalle, entstanden aus verschiedenen Typen von Kristallkeimen, in welchen verschiedene äußere Formen auftreten, die aufeinanderfolgen, werden gezeigt. Die übrigen Kristallformen und ihre Abhängigkeit von den Kristallisationsbedingungen werden im einzelnen diskutiert. Im allgemeinen verursacht die Kristallisation dieser Copolymeren gewisse Fraktionierung hinsichtlich der Zusammensetzung, da nur eine begrenzte Menge des ursprünglichen Polystyrols in den Kristall eintreten kann. Zwei verschiedene Kristall-Strukturen werden vorgeschlagen, in denen bzw. eine oder zwei Schichten von gefaltetem PEO mit amorphem Polystyrol bedeckt ist. Der Fraktionierungsprozeß wird auf Grund dieser zwei Struktur-Modelle interpretiert, die eine kritische Größe der PS-Blöcke, verankert an einem Ende der gefalteten Oberfläche von PEO, annehmen.
    Notes: Résumé On a préparé des monocristaux de copolymères biséquencés polyoxyéthylène-polystyrène (POE-PS) à partir de leurs solutions diluées, qui peuvent contenir jusqu'à 55% de PS. Les principales formes de ces cristaux et leurs variantes morphologiques, observées sous microscope optique, sont décrites et rattachées à la maille cristallographique du POE. On présente aussi quelques exemples de monocristaux obtenus par ensemencement, dans lesquels les différentes formes se succèdent par filiation; on discute les transitions des formes et leur dépendance vis à vis des conditions de cristallisation. La cristallisation de ces copolymères provoque généralement un fractionnement en composition, car la proportion de PS dans les cristaux est limitée. On propose deux modèles de structure différents, dans lesquels une ou deux couches cristallines de POE en configuration repliée sont recouvertes par le PS amorphe. Le processus de fractionnement est interprété à partir de ces deux structures en admettant une extension critique pour les séquences de PS, dont l'une des extrémités est ancrée sur la surface des repliements du POE.
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