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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Chloroplast (photooxidative destruction) ; Herbicide (bleaching) ; Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase ; Photomorphogenesis ; Restriction analysis ; Sinapis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings were grown in the presence of herbicides (Difunon, Norflurazon) which inhibit carotenoid synthesis without affecting development, in darkness or in continuous far-red light. In strong white light (12,000 lx) the cotyledons of the herbicide-treated seedlings did not contain normal chloroplasts, but only small chlorophyll-free rudiments whose internal structure had almost disappeared. The plastid marker enzyme NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was almost lacking. Plastid ribosomes and ribosomal RNAs were no longer detectable nor could synthesis of mature plastidal ribosomal RNAs be detected. Cytosolic ribosomes and rRNAs were not affected. Plastid DNA was apparently still intact as shown by restriction analysis. The appearance of marker enzymes of glyoxisomes, mitochondria and cytosol was not impaired while the level of marker enzymes of peroxisomes was drastically lowered. Accumulation of anthocyanin in mustard cotyledons was normal after a short, transient delay. Levels of representative enzymes of flavonoid biogenesis (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase) were somewhat increased rather than inhibited in the cotyledons of herbicide-treated, white-light-grown seedlings. The growth rate of hypocotyl and cotyledons was inhibited to the same extent in the herbicide-treated, white-light-grown seedling, although light inhibits growth of hypocotyls and promotes growth of cotyledons. Analysis of the data shows that photomorphogenesis of a herbicide-treated, white-light-grown seedling is normal, and is thus independent of plastid gene expression However, a ‘factor’ which coacts multiplicatively with phytochrome in determining the growth rate of the organs seems to originate from the plastids. Biogenesis of anthocyanin and synthesis of major enzymes of the flavonoid pathway are not affected adversely by a photooxidative elimination of plastid gene expression.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Chromoplasts ; DNA ; Inverted Repeats ; rRNA genes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Circular plastid DNA molecules, isolated from flower chromoplasts of the daffodil (a monocotyledon), and the nasturtium (a dicotyledon), have been shown by electron microscopy to contain inverted repeat sequences of 28.5 ± 0.7 kbp and 27.1 ± 1.0 kbp, respectively. The regions separating the repeats have lengths of 16.6 ± 0.8 kb for the shorter region, and 87.8 ± 4.8 kb for the longer in the daffodil, and 18.5 ± 0.5 kb and 82.3 ± 3.1 kb for the corresponding regions in the nasturtium. Further, in both cases, the 23S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes have been located by hybridisation (R-Loop technique) within this inverted repeat. Although the distance between the 16S and 23S genes is comparable, the position of the rRNA gene blocks within the repeats is different in these two chromoplast DNAs, with a shift of 1,500 bp.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): chloroplast genome ; leader region ; rDNA ; Sinapis alba ; Zea mays ; tRNAVal gene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The genes coding for rRNAs from mustard chloroplasts were mapped within the inverted repeat regions of intact ctDNA and on ctDNA fragments cloned in pBR322. R-loop analysis and restriction endonuclease mapping show that the genes for 16S rRNA map at distances of 17 kb from the junctions of the repeat regions with the large unique region. The genes for 23S rRNA are located at distances of 2.8 kb from the junctions with the small unique region. Genes for 4.5S and 5S rRNA are located in close proximity to the 23S rRNA genes towards the small unique region. DNA sequencing of portions of the 5′ terminal third from the mustard 16S rRNA gene shows 96–99% homology with the corresponding regions of the maize, tobacco and spinach chloroplast genes. Sequencing of the region proximal to the 16S rRNA gene reveals the presence of a tRNAVal gene in nearly the same position and with identical sequence as in maize, tobacco and spinach. Somewhat less but still strong homology is also observed for the tDNA Val/16S rDNA intercistronic regions and for the regions upstream of the tRNAVal gene. However, due to many small and also a few larger deletions and insertions in the leader region, common reading frames coding for homologous peptides larger than 44 amino acids can not be detected; it is therefore unlikely that this region contains a protein coding gene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Chloroplast gene expression ; Competence ; Photosynthesis ; Phytochrome ; Sinapis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Transcript levels of four plastid genes encoding constituents of the photosynthetic apparatus were assessed in cotyledons of developing mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings. These genes, encoding the P700 apoproteins of photosystem I, the alpha subunit of the extrinsic CF1 moiety of the plastid ATP synthase complex, and the cytochromes f and b 6, have been localized and mapped previously on mustard chloroplast DNA (G. Dietrich and G. Link, 1985 Curr. Genet. 9, 683–692). Dot blot and Northern hybridization analysis provides evidence that in dark-grown seedlings transcript levels of all four genes rise between 30 h and 72 h after sowing and thereafter fall again, pointing to the existence of an endogenous, light-independent, developmental program. In light-grown seedlings, an additional enhancement of transcript levels beyond, the dark values becomes noticeable at approx. 30–36 h and then continues throughout the subsequent “light-responsive” phase until 96 h after sowing. This is consistent with a photoregulated modulation mechanism operating once “competence” has been reached. Enhanced transcript accumulation occurs following continuous illumination by either white light or (photosynthetically inefficient) far-red light thought to operate mainly through phytochrome. However, the degree of light enhancement for the transcript specifying the P700 apoprotiens is higher with white light than with far-red light, implying involvement of additional photoreceptor(s) mediating this response. In addition to the endogenous gross regulation and light enhancement, a fine regulation of transcript levels seems to operate, as indicated by temporal variations of two related transcripts originating from the cytochrome-f gene region. The observed developmental and photocontrolled changes in specific transcript levels for photosynthesis proteins are only reflected in part by changes in total RNA content and do not appear due to light-dark differences in plastid-DNA copy number during mustard seedling development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Arabidopsis (gene expression) ; Brassica (gene expression) ; Capsella ; Gene (chloroplast, nuclear) ; Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase ; Sinapis (gene expression)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Several genes which are located close together on mustard (Sinapis alba L.) chloroplast DNA have been found to differ in their temporal mode of expression throughout seedling development. One predominant expression program, exemplified by thepsbA gene, is characterized by an early (light-independent) rise in transcript levels, followed by subsequent further accumulation to levels which are much higher in the light than in darkness (development of ‘competence’ for photocontrol). Other genes located next to thepsb A gene show transient or constitutive modes of expression, with no light-dark difference in transcript levels throughout seedling development. The characteristics of light-responsive expression were shown for the nuclearrbcS gene family inBrassica napus L. andSinapis alba L. cotyledons. The spatial distribution ofrbcS andpsbA transcripts across sections of crucifer cotyledons appeared to be relatively uniform, but restricted to photosynthetically active cells. Finally, assessment of these transcripts in immature seeds and embryos ofCapsella bursa-pastoris has provided in-situ evidence for tissuespecific gene expression during early development
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Chloroplast transcription ; Etioplast ; Light regulation ; Multiple RNA polymerases ; Nuclear-chloroplast interaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Two RNA polymerases, termed A (cp-pol A) and B (cp-pol B), are known to be present in mustard plastids. In vitro, the two enzymes have different requirements for DNA binding, but both bind to, and transcribe from, the same set of chloroplast promoters. The B enzyme is sensitive to rifampicin (Rif ), whereas the A enzyme is not. When seedlings were grown in the presence of Rif, RNA pool sizes of the photosynthesis-related plastid genes rbcL and psbA were smaller than in untreated controls, whereas transcripts of the non-photosynthetic genes rps16, trnG, rrn and rpoB remained virtually unaffected by the drug. The Rif inhibition patterns of rbcL and psbA transcripts reflect the relative abundance of the A and B enzymes at different stages and light/dark conditions. These genes can thus be transcribed by either of the two enzymes in vivo, whereas the non-photosynthetic genes are transcribed mostly or exclusively by the A enzyme, or by another Rif-resistant plastid polymerase. Among several nuclear gene transcripts that were tested for Rif inhibition, only those of the RbcS gene family for the plastid-bound small subunit of Rubisco revealed a decrease in pool size, which may imply that mechanisms exist that serve to coordinate patterns of gene expression in the different cellular compartments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1307-1321 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The dielectric permittivityɛ* of commercial polystyrene was measured in the range 100 to 160 °C and 10−2 to 105 c/s to study the frequency-temperature shift behaviour of the maintransition. This behaviour is described by an equation of WLF-type with remarkable accuracy and is the same as determined by mechanical investigations performed at our institute on the same material in the range 90 to 135 °C. The frequency of the maximum of G″ is higher than that ofɛ″. It differs by a factor of 4.6. Consideringɛ″ − 1/(ϱɛ 0 ω), a further transition could be observed at low frequencies and temperatures above 130 °C. This transition is obviously related to the flow transition, because its frequency-temperature shift seems to be the same as that of the flow transition of polystyrene published byOnogi et al. (15). The experimental equipment used is described in detail. A satisfactory homogeneous temperature distribution in the sample is achieved by use of a gasthermostat working on a recirculation principle. For frequencies less than 10 c/sɛ* is determined from the charging or discharging current using formulas which are published recently (6). This method is timesaving and of good accuracy provided the transient current is carefully measured. Finally a mathematical method is given which is useful, to check the compatibility of the values with the linear theory and which allows to correct for inaccuracies of the measurement, ifɛ* is determined over a wide range of frequencies. This method can be applied easily, if the frequencies, at whichɛ* is known, increase by a factor of 2.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Zeit- bzw. Frequenz-Temperaturverschiebung des Glas-Kautschuküberganges von handelsüblichem Polystyrol wurde anhand der Maximumfrequenzen der Verlustkomponente des komplexen dielektrischen Faktorsɛ* bestimmt. Wir konnten feststellen, daß die Zeit-Temperaturverschiebung in dem Temperaturbereich von 90 bis 160 °C mit erstaunlicher Genauigkeit durch eine Gleichung vom WLF-Typ beschrieben wird, wobei wir mechanische Messungen, die am gleichen Material in unserem Institut ausgeführt wurden, zum Vergleich mitherangezogen haben. Das Maximum inG″ liegt bei einer um 0,66 Dekaden höheren Frequenz als das inɛ″. Das Maximum im mechanischen Verlustfaktor dagegen tritt bei einer um 1,57 Dekaden niedriger liegenden Frequenz auf als das inɛ″ oder das im dielektrischen Verlustfaktor. Nebenbei konnte ab 130 °C bei niedrigen Frequenzen ein weiterer Übergang beobachtet werden, der mit dem in mechanischer Messung auftretenden Fließübergang einherzugehen scheint. Besonders ausführlich wurde in dieser Arbeit die Meßanordnung beschrieben, mit der der komplexe dielektrische Faktor gemessen wurde, da einmal der verwendete Gasthermostat mit der Möglichkeit der vorteilhaften Direktthermostierung der Kondensatorplatten neuartig ist. Zum anderen erscheint die von uns durchgeführte indirekte. Bestimmung vonɛ* bei niedrigen Frequenzen aus Lade- bzw. Entladestrom mit Hilfe der in (6) veröffentlichten Formeln nicht nur sehr zeitsparend, sondern auch genau, wenn diese Ströme sorgfältig vermessen werden. Des weiteren wurde eine mathematische Methode entwickelt, nach der die über einen weiten ω-Bereich gemessenen Werte vonɛ * auf Verträglichkeit mit der linearen Antworttheorie überprüft werden können. Diese Methode eignet sich gut für eine standardmäßige Kontrolle und liefert eine Nachkorrektur, die meist geeignet ist, Meßungenauigkeiten auszugleichen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 24 (1985), S. 211-219 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Schlagwort(e): Creep ; recovery ; torsional creep apparatus ; magnetic bearing ; network transition ; polystyrene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract An apparatus has been designed and built up to determine the shear creep compliance and viscosity with high accuracy in a wide range of temperature and time. The characteristic feature of this apparatus is the possibility to measure directly the recoverable compliance and to determine the steady state recoverable complianceJ e . Disturbing instrumental forces are minimized by use of a magnetic bearing. The torque is applied inductively by a modified three phase asynchronous motor. The torsional angle is measured with a laser beam reflected from a mirror to an electro-optical measuring device. Sample thermostating is performed by radiation in a heating chamber, which allows observation of the specimen during measurement. First results of creep and creep recovery measurements are reported, which were carried out on a technical polystyrene above the glass rubbery transition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 277-290 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Schlagwort(e): Dynamic viscometer ; melt rheology ; WLF shift ; network transition ; Cox-Merz rule
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A dynamic viscometer of the Couette type is described which permits the determination of storage and loss shear modulus of polymer melts with high accuracy. For a technical polystyrene, results of measurements of storage and loss moduli are reported in the temperature interval between the rubbery plateau and degradation. From these data, the courses of storage and loss compliances and the course of the time-dependent shear compliance are derived and compared with the results of creep measurements. The frequency dependence of the storage compliance shows clearly the presence of the so-called network transition between the end of the glass transition and the onset of flow. The time-temperature shifting laws for the flow process and for the network transition are shown to obey the WLF shift equation, but with different sets of parameter values. Consequently, the complete data do not obey the time-temperature superposition law. Comparison with non-Newtonian viscosities, measured by means of a slit and a capillary viscometer attached to an extruder, shows the excellent validity of the Cox-Merz rule, provided either the absolute dynamic viscosity or the stressing viscosity are used for this comparison.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 17 (1988), S. 57-73 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): chloroplast gene expression ; photoreceptors ; seedling development ; Sinapis alba ; thylakoid membranes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We have investigated the photoreceptors potentially involved in the light regulation of the transcript levels of the psbA gene coding for D1, the 32 kD QB-binding protein of PSII. In cotyledons of 4 day old mustard seedlings, increasing fluence rates of continuous white light from ca. 0.1 to 250 μmol m-2s-1 (400–700 nm) lead to a five-fold increase in transcript level from ca. 0.7 to 2.8 mg/g total RNA. The blue (〈500 nm) component of this light did not contribute substantially to this effect, thus ruling out cryptochrome as the receptor responsible. Although phytochrome involvement was apparent from red/far-red reversibility, even multiple red pulses failed to elicit a comparable increase in transcript level to that seen under continuous white light. Although DCMU successfully inhibited delayed fluorescence quenching, it had no effect on transcript levels, thus ruling out photoregulation via electron transport and later components of the photosynthetic system. By contrast, Norflurazon, which leads to photobleaching of chlorophyll and hence disruption of thylakoid membrane assembly, completely abolished the light effect on psbA transcript level. We infer that photoregulation of the psbA transcript is principally related to thylakoid development, which is in turn critically dependent on photoconversion of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyll, but also associated with other processes such as phytochrome-regulated LHCP availability. Photocontrol of psbA expression is discussed in relation to that of the nuclear cab and rbcS genes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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