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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 585-596 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Light scattering, viscosity and GPC measurements were performed on a homologous series of linear polyethylenes with viscosity average molar masses in decahydronaphthalene at 135°C between 1,0 · 105 and 2,7 · 106 g · mol-1 and relatively broad molar mass distributions. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, α-chloronaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene (decalin) and decane were used as solvents. In the case of linear polyethylene in decahydronaphthalene and decane relationships between intrinsic viscosity and weight average molar mass were established. The values of the weight average molar masses obtained by light scattering are considerably higher than those obtained by viscosity and GPC measurements. These discrepancies are explained by molecular aggregation of the polyethylene macromolecules.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Refractive indices and refractive index increments of the system polystyrene/trans-decalin were measured under pressures up to 500 bar and at temperatures between 20 and 60°C. The measurements were performed with a new, recently designed interferometer. The results demonstrate a sufficient agreement of the refractive index values measured at different temperatures and pressures with the equations of Eykman and Gladstone-Dale whereas the Lorenz-Lorentz equation indicates larger deviations. The experimental data of the refractive index increment follow none of the refractive index mixture rules. It is therefore recommended to determine refractive index increments at different pressures experimentally.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Scattering functions for linear polyethylenes were calculated, using different assumptions, and compared with experimentally determined scattering functions of the system polyethylene/decane. It is pointed out, that the polyethylene macromolecules in a good solvent can be treated as statistical coils with a non-uniform expansion and a constant average expansion exponent ε and not as statistical coils with uniform expansion. Comparison of the experimentally determined and the calculated scattering functions yields a molar mass distribution of polyethylene which is in agreement with the results from GPC-measurements within the limits of experimental error.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 172 (1973), S. 161-167 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The second osmotic virial coefficient A2 and its entropic and enthalpic parts of athermal and exothermal solutions of polystyrene (PS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) were determined by light scattering measurements at 25°C and normal pressure. The intrinsic viscosity dependence on temperature was used to find athermal and exothermal solvents for these polymers. The investigated thermodynamical quantities A2, A2,S and A2,H yield together with earlier measurements a correlation which is nearly independent of the special system.
    Notes: Durch Lichtstreuungsmessungen wurde der Entropieanteil und der Enthalpieanteil des 2. osmotischen Virialkoeffizienten (A2) von athermischen und exothermischen Lösungen von Polystyrol (PS) und Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) bei 25°C und Normaldruck bestimmt. Zur Auffindung von athermischen und exothermischen Lösungsmitteln für diese Polymeren wurde die Temperaturabhängigkeit des STAUDINGERindex verwendet. Die ermittelten thermodynamischen Größen A2, A2,S und A2,H ergeben zusammen mit früheren Messungen eine beziehung, die nahezu unabhängig vom speziellen System ist.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 226 (1995), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The catalyst system neodym octoate/ethylaluminium sesquichloide/aluminium triisobutyl was used for the copolymerization of butadiene with 1-octene and 1-dodecene. The ratio of the catalyst compounds optimum for the butadiene polymerization was chosen. The effect of comonomer ratio on the copolymer composition, the conversion, the microstructure, the number-average molar mass and on the molar mass distribution was evaluated. The copolymers show a distinctly higher chain branching than polybutadiene.The copolymerization parameters determined according to Kelen-Tüdßos are very different for both copolymerizations (rbutadiene ≫ rolefin). Copolymerization was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and olefin metathesis.
    Notes: Für die Copolymerisationen des Butadiens mit 1-Octen und 1-Dodecen wurde das Katalysatorsystem Neodymoctoat/Ethylaluminiumsesquichlorid/Aluminiumtriisobutyl bei dem für die Polymerisation von Butadien optimalen Verhältnis der Katalysatorkomponenten eingesetzt. Der Einfluß der Monomermischungszusammensetzung auf die Copolymerzusammensetzung, den Umsatz, die Mikrostruktur, die zahlenmittleren Molmassen sowie die Molmassenverteilungen wurde untersucht. Die Copolymerisate besitzen einen deutlich höheren Verzweigungsgrad als das Polybutadien. Die Copolymerisationsparameter wurden nach Kelen-Tüdßos bestimmt und ergaben für beide Copolymerisationen unterschiedlich große Parameter (rButadien ≫ rOlefin). Neben der 1H-NMR Spektroskopie erfolgte der Copolymernachweis durch die Olefinmetathese.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 233 (1995), S. 167-182 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Bestimmung der Langkettenverzweigungen von Polybutadienen und Copolymerisaten aus 1,3-Butadien und 1-Octen bzw. 1-Dodecen. Die Polymeren wurden durch Polymerisation in Gegenwart eines Aluminium-Neo-dym-Katalysatorsystems hergestellt. Durch den Einbau der Olefine sollten gezielt Kurzkettenverzweigungen in das Polybutadien eingebracht werden, um deren mechanische Eigenschaften zu verbessern. Die Polymerproben wurden mit statischer und dynamischer Lichtstreuung, Viskositätsmessung und Gelpermeationschromatographie untersucht. Aus den Meßergebnissen wurden die Verzweigungsparameter g, h und gη ermittelt. Der Olefineinbau sollte den Verzweigungsgrad erhöhen. Dies konnte nicht eindeutig nachgewiesen werden. Es ist auch denkbar, daß der Verzweigungsgrad durch einen Anstieg der Molmasse und der Uneinheitlichkeit des Polymeren erhöht wird und so ein möglicher Verzweigungseffekt durch den Olefineinbau nur vorgetäuscht wird. Zu einer exakten Analyse des Einflusses von eingebauten Olefinen müßten Polymere gleicher Molmasse und Uneinheitlichkeit hergestellt werden. Zudem ist es zweifelhaft, ob die Octen- und Dodecen-Seitenketten lang genug sind, um sie mit Hilfe der Methoden der Langkettenverzweigungsanalytik zu erfassen. Eine Verringerung des Lewissäureanteils im Katalysatoransatz führt zu einer Veränderung der Molmassenverteilung und des Verzweigungsgrades. Gegenüber der üblichen bimodalen Molmassenverteilung (zwei aktive Zentren) wird nur noch ein aktives Zentrum ausgebildet, wenn zu wenig Halogen vorhanden ist. Das führt zu einer unimodalen Molmassenverteilung. Zusätzlich entsteht durch Reduzierung der Lewissäure-Konzentration ein Überschuß an Al(i-But)3 im Katalysatoransatz, was zu einer Verzweigungszunahme führt, da Al(i-But)3 als Überträger für Verzweigungsreaktionen dient.
    Notes: This paper deals with the determination of long-chain branching in polybutadienes, poly(1,3-butadiene-co-1-octene), and poly(1,3-butadiene-co-1-dodecene). These polymers were synthesized by polymerization using a neodym and aluminium-based catalyst system. Short-chain branches were introduced by incorporating olefins into the polybutadienes, leading to an improvement of their mechanical properties. The polymers were examined by static and dynamic light scattering, viscosimetry, and gel permeation chromatography. These measurements yield the g-, h-, and gη -factors. The olefin incorporation was performed to increase the degree of branching. But this could not be shown clearly. It is also possible that the degree of branching increases because the polymer molar mass or the width of polymer molar mass distribution (MMD) increases. Thus, branching due to the olefin incorporation may be simulated. To analyse the influence of olefines on the degree of branching more exactly, one would need polymers having identical molar mass and MMD. Moreover, it is possible, depending on whether octene and dodecene chains are long enough, that they can be detected by means of long-chain branching (LCB) analysis. A decrease of the Lewis acid concentration in the catalyst system changes the MMD and the degree of branching. If the system contains two active centres the MMD is bimodal, whereas if there is only one active centre the MMD is unimodal. In addition, a reduction in Lewis acid concentration leads to an excess of Al(i-But)3 in the catalyst system. Since Al(i-But)3 is a carrier for branching reactions the degree of branching increases.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 44 (1992), S. 533-544 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rhodopsin and cyclic guanosine monophosphat (cGMP)-dependent channel proteins are isolated from the rod outer segment disk membranes of dark-adopted bovine retinae and incorporated in liposomes, prepared by the method of detergent removal dialysis. The ion channel does not lose its transport function (release of Ca2+ ions by injection of cGMP) when incorporated in a liposome. Its activity depends on the degree of protein solubilization and the kind of detergent used. The highest activity is obtained by use of the detergent CHAPS. Shape, size, and size distribution of the liposomes are deduced from elastic and quasi-elastic light scattering, the liposome number density by viscometry, and the photopigment or Ca2+ content by optical absorbance. The liposomes are heterogeneous with respect to size and shape. Small unilamellar liposomes (Rh = 80 nm) and a narrow size distribution (UD = 0.16) are obtained by using the detergent CHAPS. With increasing rhodopsin content per liposome, the hydrodynamic radius Rh increases and at the same time the shape of a liposome converts from a sphere to a prolate ellipsoid. The amount of entrapped Ca2+ per liposome reaches its maximum value when the Rhodopsin nearest-neighbor distance approaches its minimum value. This suggests an intermembrane protein-lipid-protein lattice, which serves as barriere for Ca2+. The influence of temperature or total used Ca2+ content is less profound. Increasing temperature yields slightly smaller liposomes.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyvinylalcohol in water was investigated by inelastic and elastic light scattering techniques and by viscosity measurements. In order to measure this system at high temperatures and at pressures up to 4000 bars we designed a light scattering photometer for use at elevated temperatures and pressures on the basis of the Malvern Photon Correlation Spectrometer. Our data suggest, that the diffusion coefficient increases slightly at low temperatures with increasing pressure and decreases at high temperatures. Both inelastic and elastic light scattering indicate a very high molar mass of the system. Viscosity measurements and light scattering on reacetylated Polyvinylalcohol indicate a much smaller molar mass. This is explained with association of the polymer molecules by hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
    Notes: Polyvinylalkohol wurde in wäßriger Lösung mit Hilfe der inelastischen und der elastischen Lichtstreuung sowie durch Viskositätsmessungen untersucht. Um bei höheren Temperaturen und Drücken bis 4000 bar arbeiten zu können, wurde eine Hochdruckapparatur entwickelt, der ein Photon-Korrelations-Spektrometer der Firma Malvern zugrunde liegt. Es zeigte sich, daß der Diffusionskoeffizient D von Polyvinylalkohol in Wasser mit steigendem Druck bei niedrigen Temperaturen einen geringen Anstieg zeigt und bei höheren Temperaturen einen relativ starken Abfall. Die inelastische und die elastische Lichtstreuung deuten auf eine sehr hohe Molmasse des Systems hin. Viskositätsmessungen und Lichtstreuungsmessungen and reacetyliertem Polyvinylalkohol ergeben dagegen eine sehr viel geringere Molmasse. Dies kann durch Wasserstoffbrücken-Bindungen der Polymermoleküle erklärt werden.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 148 (1971), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basel : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications 2 (1981), S. 421-426 
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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