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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contact angle and film jumps (1977)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 268 (1977), S. 44-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Only capillary rise of organic liquids in random packings of glass beads is considered. For capillary rise of a sharp liquid front in a packing3 dh/dt - (k/h)(hc-h) (D where h is the height of capillary rise at time t, hc the (capillarity) driving force, and k the Kozeny-Carman permeability. The ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/268044a0
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary rise in porous media (1975)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 254 (1975), S. 585-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] This may be illustrated by presenting two experiments; the capillary rise of glycol and of ^-heptane, in a homogeneous packing of polystyrene spheres. When equilibrium has been reached, it can be observed that for glycol there is a sharp front between the completely saturated part of the porous ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/254585a0
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Einflu\ des Randwinkels auf die Benetzung von porösen Körpern (1978)
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 11 (1978), S. 81-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Versuchsergebnisse für kapillare Aufsteigung in porösen Körpern, insbesondere für Wasser in Baustoffen, werden gegeben. Es wird gezeigt, da\ für homogene isotrope Körper ein scharfer Flüssigkeitsspiegel beobachtet werden sollte. Abweichungen werden verursacht durch den Einflu\ des Randwinkels und die InhomogenitÄt des porösen Körpers. Für praktische Systeme ist der Benetzungswinkel: (a) gewöhnlich nicht Null, (b) sehr oft nicht konstant in der Zeit, und (c) zuweilen nicht konstant für verschiedene Teile des porösen Körpers. Au\erdem existiert kein einfacher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Randwinkel und der maximalen kapillaren Steighöhe. VorschlÄge werden gemacht, wie der Benetzungsvorgang von praktischen Systemen zu prüfen ist.
    Notes: Abstract Experimental results are reported on capillary rise in porous media, in particular water in building materials. It is stressed that capillary rise is a hydrodynamic transport. For short times, a sharp macroscopic liquid front should be observed for homogeneous isotropic media. It appears that this is in fact so for random sphere packings. Deviations from the ideal behaviour are due to the influence of the contact angle and the inhomogeneity of the porous medium. For practical systems the contact angle is (i) usually different from zero, (ii) very often changing with time, (iii) occasionally varying over different parts of the porous medium. Moreover, the capillary driving force is no simple function of the contact angle. The effect of these factors on the phenomena to be observed are discussed. Suggestions are given how to test the wetting behaviour of practical systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01682609
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dichtemessung (1934)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 99 (1934), S. 42-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01393297
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Textilindustrie (1944)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 127 (1944), S. 220-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01320017
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of liquid flow in an up-flow reactor-used for anaerobic treatment of wastewater (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1577-1594 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By means of stimulus-response experiments with a Li+ tracer, a description of the fluid flow in a 30 m3 reactor, used for anaerobic treatment of wastewater, was derived. It appeared that of the three parts that could be distinguished in the reactor (the sludge bed. The sludge blanket, and the settler), the sludge bed could be described as a combination of two perfectly mixed regions with bypassing and return flows; the sludge blanket was perfectly mixed, while the fluid flow in the settler could be described as plug flow. From experiments performed under different conditions it was concluded that 60 m3 gas/day were sufficient to provide good mixing and also that the height of the sludge bed should be 2-3 m. From this last conclusion it follows, e.g., that scale-up of the 30 m3 reactor should be done by increasing the cross section of the reactor while homogeneously distributing the influent over the bottom.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260201007
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and behavior of sludge in upflow reactors for anaerobic treatment of wastewater (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 24 (1982), S. 1975-1989 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model has been developed and experimentally checked for the physical behavior of sludge in the blanket in upflow reactors. The model is based on the mass balance for the sludge in the blanket, and can be used to predict the distribution of sludge in an upflow reactor in relation with the gas production, sludge settling characteristics, and the linear fluid velocity in the reactor. The quantitative values of the transport factors that are a measure of the efficiency of the transport of sludge by the fluid streams occurring in the reactor were determined experimentally in reactors of 30- and 200-m3 volumes. As this was done for wastewater containing lower fatty acids as the main organic pollutants and for sludge with good settling characteristics, the predictive value of the model is limited. It may be used for the second (methane forming) step of anaerobic treatment of wastewater.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260240906
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mathematical description of anaerobic treatment of wastewater in upflow reactors (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 2531-2556 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A quantitative description has been presented of anaerobic treatment in an upflow reactor of dilute wastewater containing lower fatty acids as the main pollutant. It contains as its principal elements mathematical descriptions of the dynamic behavior and the distribution of both the fluid and the anaerobic sludge in the reactor, and a quantification of the kinetics of the anaerobic conversion of the organic waste and of the formation of bacterial products and methane. These elements have been taken together in mass (organic carbon) balances for the substrate, the methane, and the bacterial products, over the two most important reactor parts: the sludge bed and the sludge blanket. In the second part of this article, the description has been used for prediction and determination of the optimum reactor dimensions and process conditions. These optimum values can be used for the design of new reactors and for the establishment of the best suited process operation, which is important for obtaining the best purification results and process reliability at minimum investment and operation costs.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260251105
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid flow pattern in upflow reactors for anaerobic treatment of beet sugar factory wastewater (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 24 (1982), S. 443-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Residence-time-distribution experiments for the fluid in a 30-m3 pilot plant and a 200-m3 prototype upflow reactor were performed by means of continuous injection of an LiCl solution as a tracer in the influent of the reactor and measurement of the response of this stimulus on several location in the reactor and in the effluent. In a similar way as described in an article published earlier, models have been developed by use of the measured data of the fluid flow pattern which consisted of region of ideal mixing, plug flow, dead space, and short circuiting. It appeared that the fluid flow patterns in the two reactors were to a large extent analogous. For the pilot plant, three-mixer models appeared to be appropriate while for the prototype reactor two-mixer models have been found. This differences was a result of the difference in the heights of the sludge beds in the reactors: 2-3 m in the pilot plant and only 0.4 m in the prototype reactor, a result of too small an amount of sludge. Another differences was that, due to large amount of mud in the prototype reactor, a region of dead space occurred in the models for the fluid flow pattern in this reactor. The dimension of the prototype reactor have been chosen according to several recommendations obtained from work with the pilot plant (e.g., scale-up should be done by increasing the cross section of the reactor; one influent point should be applied per 5 m2 bottom surface). The results presented here clearly show the value of these recommendations.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260240214
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stickstoff (1943)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 125 (1943), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01358658
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