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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural characteristics of the mammalian spleen indicating storage and release of red blood cells. Aspects of evolutionary and environmental demands (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 159-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Spleen ; red pulp ; storage ; release ; morphology ; evolution ; structural characteristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02002608
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurobiological aspects of extraretinal photoreceptive systems: structure and function (1982)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 38 (1982), S. 991-996 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01955341
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectral characteristics of visible radiation penetrating into the brain and stimulating extraretinal photoreceptors (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 130 (1979), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Supravital recordings of spectral transmission in the brains of two species of teleosts (Anguilla anguilla, Ictalurus nebulosus), an amphibian (Rana temporaria), a reptile (Lacerta muralis), two species of birds (Passer domesticus, Columba livia), and a mammal (Phodopus sungorus) indicate that photons of longer wavelengths (700–750 nm) penetrate approximately 1,000 times more effectively into the hypothalamus than photons of shorter wavelengths (400–450 nm). The decrease in transmission from 750 to 400 nm is slightly interrupted by a plateau around 500 to 540 nm because of the transmission characteristics of hemoglobin. There is a small, ill-defined transmission minimum around 430 nm corresponding to the transmission minimum of melanin and hemoglobin (soret band). The high light sensitivity of deep diencephalic photoreceptors involved in the control of photoneuroendocrine events characteristic of some non-mammalian vertebrates suggests the occurrence of photopigment-containing receptors and nerve cells summating the input of several photoreceptors. However, in addition to photopigments, there may also exist other photosensitive compounds that mediate non-visual photoneuroendocrine responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614615
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light-dependent motor activity and photonegative behavior in the eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) (1976)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 111 (1976), S. 209-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light-dependent motor activity and phototactic behavior was investigated in 1) untreated, 2) blinded, and 3) blinded and pinealectomized eels (Anguilla anguilla L.). Neither blinding nor blinding combined with pinealectomy interfered with the observed nocturnal motor activity or the photonegative behavior characteristic for the untreated animals. However, an aluminum foil covering the skull of blinded animals altered the light-dependent motor activity pattern in contrast to blinded animals bearing a transparent plastic foil cover. Blinded animals with an aluminum foil covering the brain case exhibited a motor activity pattern resembling arrhythmicity. The motor activity pattern of 1) untreated, 2) blinded, as well as 3) blinded and pinealectomized eels followed an inversed light regime with a latency of about two days indicating that in the eel light is the dominatingZeitgeber triggering circadian motor activity patterns. The reported findings speak in favor of the existence of photosensitive areas in addition to the lateral eyes and the epiphysis cerebri. From the results of the covering experiments it is clear that these unknown photoreceptor sites must be located in the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605532
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurone und zentralnervöse Verbindungen des Pinealorgans der Anuren (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 112 (1971), S. 466-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ (epiphysis cerebri) ; Rana temporaria, Rana esculenta ; Neuronal organization ; Pineal tract ; Central nervous connexions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Problem der Zwischenneurone nimmt bei der Deutung der chromatischen und achromatischen Antworten der pinealen Sinnesorgane eine Schlüsselstellung ein. Frühere Ergebnisse schienen darauf hinzuweisen, daß der nervöse Apparat des Pinealorgans (Epiphysis cerebri) vonRana temporaria undRana esculenta bineuronal organisiert ist. Mit modifizierten Methylenblau- und Golgi-Methoden gelang es jetzt, die nervösen Strukturen der pinealen Rezeptoren und Nervenzellen präziser darzustellen. Das neurohistologische Bild der Epiphysis cerebri enthält auch Nervenzellen, die an Zwischenneurone denken lassen. Diese diffus verstreuten kleinen Elemente unterscheiden sich von den klassischen Typen der retinalen Bipolar-, Horizontal- und Amakrinzellen. Der Tractus pinealis vonR. temporaria undR. esculenta wird von Axonen großer multipolarer und kleiner, wenig verzweigter Ganglienzellen gebildet. Die zentrale Projektion dieser pinealofugalen (afferenten) Bahn ist von großem funktionellem Interesse. Nach vollständiger Unterbrechung des Tr. pinealis finden sich degenerierende Faserelemente innerhalb und am unteren Rand der Comm. posterior, in der Area praetectalis und in den Kernarealen des sog. „Zentralen Graus“. Keine degenerierenden Tractusfasern sind in der subependymalen Schicht und in den aminergen Kerngebieten des Mesencephalon zu beobachten. Die beschriebenen Verbindungen des Tr. pinealis könnten die anatomische Basis einiger lichtabhängiger (phototaktischer) Reflexe darstellen. Weitere Untersuchungen über die zentralnervöse Projektion des Tr. pinealis sind im Gang.
    Notes: Summary The problem of interneurons appears to be very important for the functional interpretation of the chromatic and achromatic responses of pineal sense organs. Previous results seemed to indicate a bineuronal chain in the pineal organ (epiphysis cerebri) ofRana temporaria andRana esculenta. Precise images of pineal receptors, neurons and their connexions were obtained in the present studies using methylene-blue and Golgi methods. A limited number of interneurons probably exist in theepiphysis ofR. temporaria andR. esculenta: the images of these scattered neurons were observed to differ from the classical bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells of the amphibian retina. The pineal tract of R. temporaria andR. esculenta is formed by the axons of large multipolar and smaller scarcely ramified nerve cells. The central projection of this pinealo-fugal (afferent) pathway is of great functional interest. After complete surgical interruption of the pineal tract degenerating nerve fibers were traced in Nauta (Fink-Heimer) preparations. Degenerating fibers were observed within and beneath the posterior commissure, in the pretectal region and in the nuclear areas of the “periventricular gray”. The subependymal layer and the basal aminergic nuclei of the frog mesencephalon were always free of degenerating fibers. The anatomical connexion of the pineal tract described in this paper could serve as a basis for some light-dependent (phototactic) reflexes. Further investigations concerned with the central projections of the pineal tract are in progress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01033375
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secretory parvocellular neurons in the rostral hypothalamus and in the tuberal complex of Passer domesticus (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 363-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parvocellular neurons ; Rostral hypothalamus ; Tuberal complex ; Secretory activity ; Passer domesticus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous secretory perikarya were found in the suprachiasmatic, medial preoptio and anterior hypothalamic nuclei of Passer domesticus. The secretory granules of these parvocellular neurons fall into the following ranges: 1000 Å; 1300–1500 Å; 1800–2000 Å. The specialized parvocellular neurons of the rostral hypothalamus form unit-like clusters. They are embedded in a neuropil rich in synaptic structures. Many presynaptic terminals contain dense-core vesicles 〈 1000 Å in diameter. Thus far there is no evidence as to whether the secretory neurons of the anterior hypothalamus project into the median eminence or into other hypothalamic or extrahypothalamic regions. Secretory neurons were also observed in the dorsal portion of the tuberal complex and in the premammillary area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226770
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monoaminergic tracts of the diencephalon and innervation of the pars intermedia in Rana temporaria (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Diencephalon ; Monoaminergic tracts ; Pars intermedia, Rana temporaria ; Microspectrofluorimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the fluorescence technique of Falck-Hillarp two monoaminergic tracts having independent nuclear sources, and extending towards the hypophysis, were identified in the diencephalon of Rana temporaria. The nature of the fluorophore in the diencephalic nuclei which give rise to the tracts, and also that of the nerve fibers innervating the pars intermedia (PI), were analyzed microspectrofluorimetrically. The first tract, the preoptic recess organ (PRO)-hypophysial tract, arises from the neurons of the PRO, traverses the preoptic region, ascends towards the dorsal chiasmatic area, curves down and extends posteriorly along the mid-ventral region of the tuber cinereum towards the median eminence. Apparently this pathway has no contact with either the paraventricular organ (PVO) or the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID). The second pathway, the paraventricular organ (PVO)-hypophysial tract, arises mainly from the PVO of each side, traverses the tuber cinereum and converges posteriorly to join the PRO-hypophysial tract at the hind end of the tuber cinereum. Participation of the NID neurons in the formation of this tract could not be excluded. It is argued that the PVO-hypophysial tract, but not the PRO-hypophysial tract which runs along the mid-ventral region of the tuber cinereum, may be responsible for transportation of the monoamines from the PVO/NID to the pars intermedia. Microspectrofluorimetric study indicated that the PRO neurons contain only dopamine, whereas two types of neuronal fluorophores were observed in the PVO and NID. Many perikarya in both these nuclear sites possess dopamine, while some contain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and/or 5-hydroxytryptophane (5HTP). An analysis of the fluorescent nerve fibers in the PI revealed a double innervation. The first category includes dopaminergic fibers, whereas the second type seems to be adrenergic or noradrenergic in nature. On leave from the Department of Zoology, Nagpur University, Nagpur, India.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222031
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The regeneration of the monoaminergic system in the cerebral ganglion of the earthworm, Allolobophora caliginosa (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 171-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral ganglion ; Earthworm, Allolobophora caliginosa ; Regeneration ; Monoaminergic neurons ; Microspectrofluorimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regeneration of monoaminergic neurons in the cerebral (supraesophageal) ganglion of the earthworm, Allolobophora caliginosa, was studied by the fluorescence method of Falck-Hillarp 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks after extirpation of the ganglion. The monoamine fluorophores in control and regenerating cerebral ganglia were estimated by microspectrofluorimetric analysis. In the control animals catecholaminergic (noradrenergic, dopaminergic) and indolaminergic (5-HT/5-HTP) neurons were observed. Four weeks after the removal of the cerebral ganglia, two types of monoamine-containing neurons reappeared. Microspectrofluorimetrically dopaminergic and indolaminergic perikarya were identified. Reconstructions from serial sections and counts of the regenerated fluorescent cells showed no further increase in the number of these cells between the 5th and 6th postoperative weeks. In the 5- and 6-week groups the intrinsic and afferent aminergic pathways of the cerebral ganglion were reestablished.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222221
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic evidence for a retinohypothalamic projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Passer domesticus (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinohypothalamic projection ; Passer domesticus ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility of a direct retinohypothalamic projection was reinvestigated in Passer domesticus by electron microscopy following left unilateral retinectomy. To avoid misinterpretation of non-specific degeneration, the course of degenerative changes was observed at intervals of 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours after operation. Of the hypothalamic areas examined in only one, the contralateral suprachiasmatic nucleus, was it possible to identify reliable indications of secondary anterograde degeneration comparable to those observed in the contralateral optic tectum. Single dark profiles within the supraoptic nucleus and the basal infundibular (tuberal) nucleus showed neither internal changes in structure nor an increase in number per unit area in retinectomized birds. Since photoperiodically induced gonadal growth occurs in totally blinded birds the functional significance of the retinohypothalamic projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus is open to discussion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225448
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen an pinealen Sinneszellen der Forelle,Salmo gairdneri (Teleostei) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 585-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salmo gairdneri (Teleostei) ; Pineal organ ; Photoreceptor cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im rasterelektronenmikroskopischen Bild des Pinealorgans vonSalmo gairdneri kann man drei verschiedene Außengliedtypen der Photorezeptoren unterscheiden. Diese Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die Ultrastrukturkonzepte von Rüdeberg (1969) und Bergmann (1971) diskutiert. Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Studien erleichtern die anatomische Klassifizierung von pinealen Sinneszellen aufgrund ihrer Außengliedform.
    Notes: Summary The outer segments of pineal photoreceptor cells ofSalmo gairdneri were investigated with the scanning electron microscope. The scanning electron micrographs showed three different types of outer segments. These results are discussed with respect to the ultrastructural concepts of Rüdeberg (1969) and Bergmann (1971). Scanning electron microscopy permits better anatomical classification of pineal photoreceptor cells according to the form of their outer segments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572298
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