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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Migration of bacterial-feeding nematodes, but not protozoa, to decomposing grass residues (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Decomposition ; Dehydrogenase activity ; Migration ; Movement ; Nematodes ; Protozoa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Populations of bacterial-feeding nematodes and protozoa developing in soil amended with dried grass powder or a nutrient solution were monitored in experimental systems designed to prevent migration from surrounding unamended soil. The addition of nutrient solution stimulated both microbial activity, as determined by dehydrogenase activity, and protozoa, but brought about no increase in nematode numbers. Amendment of soil with grass, however, caused an increase in both types of grazer, with the maximum biomass of protozoa (180 μg g-1) exceeding that of bacterial-feeding nematodes (42 μ g-1). The decomposing grass was rapidly colonised by rhaditid nematodes, mainly Caenorhabditis sp. Incubating grass-amended soil in the absence of any surrounding soil, to prevent migration, changed the microflora from predominantly bacterial to predominantly fungal, and so could not be used to compare treatments with and without migration. Surrounding the amended soil with sterilised soil prevented migration and caused no detectable change in the microflora. This treatment demonstrated that migration plays an important part in the colonisation of decomposing substrates by nematodes, but that protozoa do not migrate in soil. The nematodes migrated from a volume of unamended soil that was equivalent to eight times the volume of amended soil. The potential effects of the large grazing pressure on the subsequent decomposition of the grass residue are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361612
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Broad-scale approaches to the determination of soil microbial community structure: Application of the community DNA hybridization technique (1996)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 31 (1996), S. 269-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Broad-scale approaches seek to integrate information on whole microbial communities. It is widely recognized that culture techniques are too selective and unrepresentative to allow a realistic assessment of the overall structure of microbial communities. Techniques based on fatty acid or metabolic profiles determine the phenotypic composition of the community. Complementary information about the genotypic structure of soil microbial communities necessitates analysis of community DNA. To determine broad-scale differences in soil microbial community structure (i.e., differences at the whole community level, rather than specific differences in species composition), we have applied a community hybridization technique to determine the similarity and relative diversity of two samples by cross hybridization. In previous studies this assay failed with whole-soil community DNA. Usable hybridization signals were obtained using whole-soil DNA, in this study, by digesting the DNA with restriction enzymes before the labeling with a random-primer reaction. The community hybridization technique was tested using a graded series of microbial fractions, increasing in complexity, all isolated from the same soil sample. This demonstrated that single bacterial species and a mixture of cultivable bacteria were less complex and only 5% similar to whole-community DNA or bacteria directly extracted from the soil. Extracted bacterial and whole-community DNA were 75% similar to each other and equally complex. When DNA was extracted from four different agricultural soils, their similarities ranged from 35 to 75%. The potential usefulness of community hybridization applied to soil microbial communities is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171571
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear changes induced by the nematodesXiphinema diversicaudatum andLongidorus elongatus in root-tips of perennial ryegrass,Lolium perenne (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 14 (1982), S. 719-730 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The DNA content and size of individual nuclei from galls of perennial ryegrass root-tips induced byX. diversicaudatum andL. elongatus were measured. Feeding byX.diversicaudatum increased the DNA content of the nuclei by varying amounts. No regular doubling pattern of the DNA content was discernible. The DNA values varied up to between 32–64C. Generally the size of the nuclei was not increased, although some were larger than control nuclei. The modified nuclei probably have an altered metabolic function, which increases the food value of the gall to the nematode. Some bi-nucleate cells were also observed, which probably result from mitosis without cytokinesis. A preliminary examination of nuclei from galls induced byL. elongatus revealed similar nuclear changes, but no bi-nucleate cells were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01033621
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear changes induced by the nematodeLongidorus elongatus in root-tips of ryegrass,Lolium perenne (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 15 (1983), S. 927-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plant ectoparasitic nematodeLongidorus elongatus induces distinct changes in the root-tip nuclei of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). There was an initial shift in DNA content into the 4C category, followed by further increases with values intermediate between 8C and 16C present after eight days. Nuclear size was reduced after six days due to increased nuclear division during hyperplasia. Nuclear DNA content and size decreased in galls older than eight days as a result of nuclear disintegration induced byL. elongatus. In cells near to the feeding site, nuclei became split into several, small globules. In more distant nuclei DNA-containing material became dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. In the oldest galls, cells were largely devoid of nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01011831
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear changes induced by the nematodeXiphinema diversicaudatum in root-tips of strawberry (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 16 (1984), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Feeding by the nematodeX. diversicaudatum caused a progressive increase in the DNA content and size of strawberry nuclei. After four days feeding, nuclei had DNA values intermediate between 8C and 16C and had increased in size from a mean of 17 μm2 for control root tips to 49 μm2. Multinucleate cells were present after two and four days feeding. There were no ultrastructural differences in the composition of nuclei from control and parasitized root tips, but strawberry nuclei consisted mainly of dispersed chromatin whereas ryegrass nuclei contained a large proportion of condensed chromatin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01003610
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial-feeding nematodes and protozoa in soil: Their effectson microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in decomposition hotspots and the rhizosphere (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; nematodes ; nitrogen mineralization ; organic matter ; protozoa ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Food web studies from a range of ecosystems have demonstrated that the fauna contributes about 30% of total net nitrogen mineralization. This results mainly from the activities of microbial-feeding microfauna (nematodes and protozoa). Microbial and microfaunal activity is concentrated at spatially discrete and heterogeneously distributed organic substrates, including the rhizosphere. The dynamics of microfauna and their effect on nutrient cycling and microbial processes at these sites is reviewed. The potential manipulation of microfauna, either as an experimental tool to further understand soil microbial ecology or as a practical means of managing nutrient flows in agroecosystems, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010107
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient inflow and root proliferation during the exploitation of a temporally and spatially discrete source of nitrogen in soil (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; heterogeneity ; inflow ; localised nutrient ; mineralisation ; 15N ; nitrate ; organic residue ; proliferation ; roots ; soil ; uptake ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To obtain nutrients mineralised from organic matter in the soil, plants have to respond to its heterogeneous distribution. We measured the timing of nitrogen uptake by wheat from a localised, 15N labelled organic residue in soil, as well as the timing of changes in root length density. We calculated the rates of N uptake per unit root length (inflows) for roots growing through the residue and for the whole root system. A stimulated local inflow appeared to be the main mechanism of exploitation of the residue N during the first five days of exploitation. 8% of the N that the plants would ultimately obtain from the residue was captured in this period. Roots then proliferated in the residue. This, together with a rapidly declining N inflow, contributed to the capture, over the next seven days, of 63% of the N that the plants derived from the residue. After that time, massive root proliferation occurred in the residue, but relatively little further N was captured.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011582
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study on the faeces of some chalk stream invertebrates (1980)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 74 (1980), S. 161-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: invertebrate ; faecal pellet ; distribution ; chalk stream
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An account is given of the size, form, texture, colour, cohesion and composition of the faeces of 41 species of invertebrates found in chalk streams. The relationships between the character of the faeces and the taxonomic positions and habits of the producers are considered. The importance of faeces production relative to the bulk of stream bed sediments is discussed. Faeces of different origins accumulate in different areas of the stream bed and these differences may be associated in part with their form and structure and in part with the distribution of the species from which they originate. In the summer months tubificid worms alone may be responsible for reworking between 0.3% and 0.5% of the fine particulate material in sediments every day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014568
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  • 19
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    A study on the faeces of some chalk stream invertebrates (1980)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 20
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    Application of an augmented nitrification assay to elucidate the effects of a spring barley crop and manures on temporal variations in rates (1997)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-05
    Print ISSN: 0178-2762
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0789
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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