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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 50 (1996), S. 539-549 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    The European physical journal 168 (1962), S. 386-391 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the second of two, the Second Law of Thermodynamics is again regarded primarily as an essential link in an argument leading directly to the existence of a certain order amongst the states of an adiabatically enclosed system, and to the consequent definition of a continuous empirical entropy function. The mode of reasoning is now topological in character. To achieve the desired result the following physically acceptable statement is assumed to be true: “If a state $$\mathfrak{S}$$ of an adiabatically enclosed system is inaccessible from a state $$\mathfrak{S}'$$ then every state in a certain neighbourhood of $$\mathfrak{S}'$$ is inaccessible from every state in a certain neighbourhood of $$\mathfrak{S}$$ .” A clear-cut separation is thus effected between the contents of the Second Law on the one hand and that of the other principal Laws of Thermodynamics on the other, the First Law in particular no longer being invoked at all.
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  • 13
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    Springer
    Mathematische Zeitschrift 78 (1962), S. 305-318 
    ISSN: 1432-1823
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Tetrahedron Letters 12 (1971), S. 2109-2112 
    ISSN: 0040-4039
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 15
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    Springer
    Marine biology 1 (1968), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new device for culturing marine planktonic organisms, the “planktonkreisel”, is described. It consists of a round glass vessel, a central column facilitating a continuous rotating water current via a jet outlet and an inside sand filter. Its usefulness is documented on the grounds of successful culture and rearing experiments on ctenophores, a chaetognath and meroplanktonic organisms.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 23 (1972), S. 141-164 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die tentakulate CtenophorePleurobrachia pileus Fabr. wurde im Laboratorium kultiviert und ökologischen Experimenten unterworfen. Als Kultur- und Experimentiergefäße dienten der Planktonkreisel, der Phytoplanktonkreisel und die Doppelküvette. 2. Individuen vonP. pileus (15 mm Körperdurchmesser) legten in einem Zeitraum von 14 Tagen bis zu 7000 Eier ab; die kleinsten sexuell aktiven Individuen maßen 5,5 mm. 3. Versuche zur Temperaturtoleranz zeigten, daßP. pileus Temperaturen von −1° bis 26° C erträgt; die extremsten tolerierten Salzgehalte lagen bei 12‰ bzw. 45‰ S; beide Werte stellen keine absolute Toleranzgrenze dar. 4. Der Einfluß der Umgebungstemperatur auf die Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit der Ctenophoreneier, die Nahrungsaufnahme- und Wachstumsrate wurde im Temperaturbereich von 6° bis 20° C untersucht. Innerhalb dieses Bereiches entwickelte sichP. pileus normal, zeigte jedoch deutlich abgestufte Reaktionen auf die unterschiedlichen Temperaturen. 5. Künstlich erzeugter Seegang bewirkt beiP. pileus eine Veränderung der Tiefenverteilung; die Ctenophore weicht der Oberflächenturbulenz aus. 6. Das Fangverhalten der Ctenophore wird auch von hohem Sestongehalt des Hälterungswassers nur wenig gestört. Aktiv schwimmende Organismen werden bevorzugt gefangen. Treibsand kann zur Schädigung vonP. pileus führen. Eisenhydroxidflocken und andere industrielle Abfallstoffe störten die Ctenophore nur wenig bei der Nahrungsaufnahme. 7. Die Wechselbeziehungen zwischenP. pileus und anderen Holoplanktonten sind teilweise sehr kompliziert. Für die verschiedenen Altersstufen der Ctenophore können z. B. adulte Copepoden nacheinander Feinde und Nahrungsorganismen sein. 8. Von den Formen des Meroplanktons sind besonders einige Scyphomedusen als Feinde vonP. pileus von Bedeutung. Die Larven vieler benthonischer Evertebraten tragen zur Ernährung insbesondere junger Individuen vonP. pileus bei. Fischlarven werden besonders dann vonP. pileus gefressen, wenn sie aktiv schwimmen. 9. Bodenlebende Fische und das vagile Makrobenthos sind zum Teil Feinde vonP. pileus; Cyclopterus lumpus frißt die Ctenophore begierig;Eupagurus bernhardus zeigt ein speziell für den Fang vonP. pileus geeignetes Verhalten. 10. Ein Modell zur Beschreibung der interpopulativen Relationen zwischenP. pileus und ihren Nachbarpopulationen wird als Mittel zur Ökosystemanalyse vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Abstract The tentaculate ctenophorePleurobrachia pileus Fabr. is one of the most abundant holoplanktonic invertebrates of the German Bight (North Sea). It has been successfully cultivated under laboratory conditions at Helgoland. Additional information was obtained on reproduction and relationships to abiotic and biotic environmental factors.P. pileus tolerated temperatures from −1° to 26° C, and salinities from 12‰ to 45‰ S; in both cases the lower and upper limits may not represent the ultimate tolerance maximum. Temperature effects on rates of embryonic development, feeding, and growth were studied, as well as the interaction of turbulence and high seston content of sea water and their effects upon the behaviour of the ctenophore.P. pileus selects certain swimming organisms from a variety of possible food sources; it is well adapted to a life in detritus-rich habitats. Planktonic, nectonic and benthonic organisms have been used for testing interrelations toP. pileus. The patterns of these interrelationships are discussed.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 26 (1974), S. 370-374 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. During culture experiments with marine invertebrates pelagic spermatophores were detected which looked like transparent toy baloons of 1.6 mm diameter. They were extremely fragile, which may account for the lack of previous reports. 2. The spermatophores never appeared singly. 10 of them were seen emerging from the sand at a place where the spionidSpio filicornis was living. 3. The shape and size of the spermatozoa conform to those of related spionids, which have spezialized organs assumed to be capable of producing pelagic spermatophores; while mating experiments were not conclusive, evidence suggests that the spermatophores were indeed the product ofSpio filicornis. 4. Therefore it is expected that at least this spionid polychaete uses the indirect transfer of spermatophores in order to assure the fertilization of its eggs. The only group of marine organisms from which a similar behaviour is known are members of Halacarida.
    Notes: Kurzfassung Aus Evertebratenlarven, die als Futter fürPleurobrachia pileus (Ctenophora) in einen „Planktonkreisel“, ein Hälterungssystem mit Sandinnenfilter, gebracht worden waren, entwickelte sich eine hauptsächlich aus Polychaeten bestehende Bodenfauna. Von dieser wurden pelagische Spermatophoren abgegeben, die nach den erhaltenen Kriterien (Bestimmung des am Ort der Spermatophorenabgabe gefundenen Polychaeten, Form der Spermien) vonSpio filicornis (Spionidae) stammten. Die Beobachtungen konnten nicht wiederholt und die Spermienaufnahme durch andere Polychaeten nicht beobachtet werden. Indirekte Spermatophorenübertragung ist bisher im marinen Bereich nur bei Halacariden beschrieben worden.
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  • 18
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    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 40 (1986), S. 441-447 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 19
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    Helgoland marine research 49 (1995), S. 811-820 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Following the 19th century recognition and definition of basic ecological entities, functional analysis has been the highlight of this century. The synthesis of these findings enables ecological prognosis. The population as the basic functional unit has been repeatedly treated; in the marine field, fisheries management approaches developed into multi-species population analysis. As in planktology, theoretical ecology, and classic biocoenotic research, the population interactions are of increasing scientific interest. A mathematical model is suggested that combines these extrinsic and intrinsic functional relationships in order to define the fit of the ecological niche to the environment, the decisive measure of the expected population success, and thus of the probable population development needed for prognostic purposes. It is discussed in how far the orientation towards the predictive power or — with respect to the “skill” of meteorological prognoses — the “ecological prognostic skill” improvement may serve as a means to choose the best investigative strategy.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 49 (1995), S. 867-886 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Typically, the most abundant group of shrimp larvae in the German Bight is formed by representatives of the family Crangonidae. Larvae of the remaining species have been largely ignored, and only scarce information concerning their ecology is available. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine the species composition, distribution and abundance of noncrangonid shrimp larvae in the German Bight in July 1990, after the mildest winter of the century. The material is based upon plankton samples collected at 77 stations, covering the entire German Bight. Eight species were identified, as well as larvae of Palaemonidae andProcessa-juveniles.Processa nouveli holthuisi (53.0%) andP. modica (31.3%) were predominant in the collection. The distribution of the two species was clearly separated: the main concentration ofP. nouveli holthuisi (peak concentration of 1.94 larvae per m3) was confined to the northwest corner of the German Bight, while a majority ofP. modica larvae (peak concentration of 0.54 larvae per m3) occurred at the southwesterly stations. The spatial distribution ofCaridion steveni andEualus occultus around Helgoland indicates the presence of an adult population at the only rocky island in the study area. Other taxa, such as larvae of Palaemonidae and juvenilePandalina brevirostris were collected exclusively in estuarine habitats. Based upon both the results of the present study and comparable data, we conclude that developmental stages of ten non-crangonid species, as well as representatives of Palaemonidae, can be expected to occur in the plankton of the German Bight. The extremely mild temperatures of the preceding winter may have been, in part, responsible for the relatively high densities of some taxa encountered during our plankton survey. We assume that warm winter temperatures favour the immigration, reproduction and survival of cold-sensitive species.
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