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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elemental composition (C,N,H) in larval and crab-1 stages of Pagurus bernhardus (Decapoda, Paguridae) and Carcinus maenas (Decapoda, Portunidae) (1980)
    Springer
    Marine biology 57 (1980), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of individual content of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and hydrogen (H) were carried out for all larval stages of Pagurus bernhardus and Carcinus maenas, and for newly metamorphosed crabs. Maximum range in total larval development is 12.8 to 165.8 μg C, 3.2 to 35.1 μg N, and 1.9 to 24.9 μg H in P. bernhardus and 3.1 to 43.2 μg C, 0.7 to 10.1 μg N, and 0.4 to 6.3 μg H in C. maenas. From these data energy equivalents were calculated. Maximum range in total larval life is 0.43 to 6.38 J ind. -1 in P. bernhardus and 0.1 to 1.49 J ind. -1 in C. maenas. There is a 32.4% mean loss of energy in P. bernhardus megalopa development; this seems to describe the normal developmental pattern in this stage. Biomass was determined as fresh and dry weight respectively. Individual dry weight is about 3.6 to 5.6 times higher in P. bernhardus (44 to 340 μg) than in C. maenas (12 to 93 μg) larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420963
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiratory metabolism of Pagurus bernhardus (Decapoda: Paguridae) megalopa (1984)
    Springer
    Marine biology 83 (1984), S. 219-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual oxygen consumption was determined during the megalopa development of Pagurus bernhardus at 18°C in 1983. The maximum observed range was from 0.101 to 0.343 μl O2 h-1 ind-1. Individual respiration rate dropped by about 33% during the first two days and continued to remain at that level throughout the moult cycle. The results are discussed together with data on biomass and the fact that P. bernhardus megalopa do not feed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397452
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of limited starvation periods on growth and elemental composition (C,N,H) of Carcinus maenas (Decapoda: Portunidae) larvae reared in the laboratory (1987)
    Springer
    Marine biology 93 (1987), S. 543-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zoea-1 larvae of Carcinus maenas L. (Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae) were from Helgoland in March 1984 and reared in the laboratory at 18°C through ecdysis. Dry weight (DW) and elemental composition of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and hydrogen (H) were analyzed in newly hatched zoea-1, after different initial starvation periods, and in newly moulted zoea-2. Continually starved zoea-1 lost biomass and energy steadily, and logarithmic functions show best fit of empirical and predicted data. Biomass and energy equivalents of newly moulted zoea-2 are significantly correlated with starvation periods in the zoea-1, showing lower values with longer initial starvation. After about 25 to 34% individual biomass and energy losses, larvae exceed the point-of-noreturn (PNR), and do not recover or moult to the zoea-2, even if re-fed. When starvation ceases before the PNR, larvae moult to the zoea-2, and develop with lower average growth rates (AGR) after prolonged periods of initial food deprivation. The later larvae were re-fed, the less absolute amounts of DW, C, H, and individual energy, but more DW-related energy equivalents and N accumulated during subsequent feeding towards ecdysis. It is suggested that lipid, rather than protein, is the main source of energy controlling the maintenance of larval moult cycles. After lipid reserves are depleted, zoea-1 larvae live on body protein, and lose the ability to absorb and restore sufficient lipid if re-fed later than the PNR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392792
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the morphology of the central nervous system in larval stages ofCarcinus maenas L. (Decapoda, Brachyura) (1993)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 47 (1993), S. 61-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the morphology of the central nervous system throughout the larval development ofCarcinus maenas. For that purpose single larvae were reared in the laboratory from hatching through metamorphosis. Complete series of whole mout semithin sections were obtained from individuals of all successive larval stages and analysed with a light microscope. Morphological feature and spatial arrangement of discernable neural cell clusters, fibre tracts and neuropile are described and compared with the adult pattern. We found that most of the morphological features characterizing the adult nervous system are already present in the zoea-1. Nevertheless, there are marked differences with respect to the arrangement of nerve cell bodies, organization of cerebral neuropile, and disposition of ganglia in the ventral nerve cord. It appears that complexity of the central nervous neuropile is selectively altered during postmetamorphotic development, probably reflecting adaptive changes of sensory-motor integration in response to behavioural maturation. In contrast, during larval development there was little change in the overall structural organization of the central nervous system despite some considerable growth. However, the transition from zoea-4 to megalopa brings about multiple fundamental changes in larval morphology and behavioural pattern. Since central nervous integration should properly adapt to the altered behavioural repertoire of the megalopa, it seems necessary to ask in which respect synaptic rearrangement might characterize development of the central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02366185
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  • 15
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    Growth and Physiology of Carcinus maenas larvae (Decapoda, Portunidae) in the field and in laboratory experiments (1994)
    In:  EPIC3Marine Ecology Progress Series, 108, pp. 107-118
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: The principal aim of this study was to test if biochemical and physiological data on decapod crustacean larvae from laboratory experiments can be used for the interpretation of comparable field data. Different parameters measured under identical conditions in laboratory-reared and field-collected larvae of Carcinus maenas were compared with each other. The parameters used were: dry weight (W), elemental composition (C, N), protein and lipid content, activities of digestive enzymes (amylase, trypsin), respiration, and ammonia excretion. Effects of different laboratory diets (Artemia sp., diatoms and no food, representing near optimal, suboptimal and starvation conditions respectively) were evaluated as a possible base for the interpretation of field data. Field data were in a similar range to laboratory data, with the exception of dry weight and protein:lipid ratio. Comparison of pooled data sets for total larval development showed lower nitrogen and higher protein contents (in % of W) in field samples than in laboratory cultures, resulting in different N:protein relations. Best agreement in these parameters was found between field data and laboratory data from phytoplankton-fed or starved larvae, whereas exclusively Artemia-fed larvae showed higher percentages of C, N, and lipid. Larval W in stages later than zoea Il was consistently higher in the field. The protein content (in mug ind.-1) was higher in the field as compared with laboratory cultures, resulting in a lower lipid:protein ratio. Comparison of lipid data and digestive enzyme activities under different nutritional conditions in the laboratory and in field samples shows that nutrition is limited in the field, and phytoplankton may constitute a major component of the natural diet of C. maenas larvae. This conclusion is confirmed by direct evidence from gut fluorescence and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of faecal pellets. Our study suggests that laboratory data on the physiology and biochemistry of decapod larvae may be a useful tool for the evaluation of field data.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 16
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    Influence of starvation on the larval development of Hyas araneus (Decapoda, Majidae) (1982)
    In:  EPIC3FISHERY BULLETIN, 80, pp. 419-433
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Laboratory-reared larvae of the spider crab, H. araneus L., were studied with regard to their fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), and energy content (J; estimated from C). FW remains fairly constant in each larval stage, regardless of feeding or starving conditions. This is due to regular changes in water content as opposed to those in organic constituents. There is a considerable gain (by a factor of 2 to 3) within each of these two instars. In the magalopa also a high amount of C, N, H, and energy is accumulated, but most of this gain is lost again during the last third of its stage duration. In all larval stages, weight-specific energy (J/mg DW) follows rather a cyclic pattern with decreases before and after molts, and increases during intermolt periods. It shows a decreasing trend during larval development. During starvation, biomass declines in an exponential pattern. Larvae of all stages die, when ca. 40 to 60% of their living substance and energy is lost.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 17
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    Effects of early starvation periods on zoeal development of brachyuran crabs (1981)
    In:  EPIC3BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN, 161, pp. 199-212
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Larvae of the crabs Menippe mercenaria Say (Menippidae), Panopeus herbstii Milne-Edwards, Neopanope sayi Smith (Xanthidae), Sesarma cinereum Bosc (Grapsidae), and Libinia emerginata Leach (Majidae) were reared in the laboratory. Starvation periods different in length and timing within the first zoeal stage were studied as to their effects on later development and survival rate. After 1-3 days of initial feeding, most larvae had accumulated enough reserves to reach the second stage, independently of further food availability. The development of the survivors was delayed in the following stages, and their later mortality rate was higher than the fed controls. Starvation periods commencing directly after hatching of the larvae exert far stronger negative effects than those beginning later. All observations suggest a particularly sensitive phase in the beginning of larval life in brachyurans. When initial starvation periods exceed the point-of-no-return (PNR), the larvae will die later, even if feeding begins long before the energy reserves are depleted. Temporary lack of suitable prey may be an ecological factor controlling the survival of crab larvae as effectively as physical factors.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 18
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    Starvation resistence in first stage zoeae of brachyuran crabs in relation to temperature (1981)
    In:  EPIC3JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY, 1, pp. 518-525
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Resistance to starvation in early larval stages of six species of brachyuran crabs representing four families was observed at various constant temperatures. In the optimal temperature range of 25-30°C for these warm temperate crab larvae, survival time of starved zoeae was longer than the development duration time in fed zoeae, while at lower temperatures the relationship of these two duration periods became inversed. This response pattern is found in larvae of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii and is considered to be typical for warm temperature brachyuran larvae. It indicates that reserved utilization is strongly controlled by temperature, but not to the same degree as development.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
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    Growth and physiology of Carcinus maenas (Decapoda, Portunidae) larvae in the field and in laboratory experiments (1994)
    In:  EPIC3Marine Ecology Progress Series, 108, pp. 107-118
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: The principal aim of this study was to test if biochemical and physiological data on decapod crustacean larvae from laboratory experiments can be used for the interpretation of comparable field data. Different parameters measured under identical conditions in laboratory-reared and field-collected larvae of Carcinus maenas were compared with each other. The parameters used were: dry weight (W), elemental composition (C, N), protein and lipid content, activities of digestive enzymes (amylase, trypsin), respiration, and ammonia excretion. Effects of different laboratory diets (Artemia sp., diatoms and no food, representing near optimal, suboptimal and starvation conditions respectively) were evaluated as a possible base for the interpretation of field data. Field data were in a similar range to laboratory data, with the exception of dry weight and protein:lipid ratio. Comparison of pooled data sets for total larval development showed lower nitrogen and higher protein contents (in % of W) in field samples than in laboratory cultures, resulting in different N:protein relations. Best agreement in these parameters was found between field data and laboratory data from phytoplankton-fed or starved larvae, whereas exclusively Artemia-fed larvae showed higher percentages of C, N, and lipid. Larval W in stages later than zoea Il was consistently higher in the field. The protein content (in mug ind.-1) was higher in the field as compared with laboratory cultures, resulting in a lower lipid:protein ratio. Comparison of lipid data and digestive enzyme activities under different nutritional conditions in the laboratory and in field samples shows that nutrition is limited in the field, and phytoplankton may constitute a major component of the natural diet of C. maenas larvae. This conclusion is confirmed by direct evidence from gut fluorescence and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of faecal pellets. Our study suggests that laboratory data on the physiology and biochemistry of decapod larvae may be a useful tool for the evaluation of field data.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 20
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    Immunocytochemical detection of acetylated a-tubulin and Drosophila synapsin in the embryonic crustacean nervous system (1997)
    In:  EPIC3INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, 41, pp. 477-484
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The caridean shrimp Palaemonetes argentinus Nobili is well suited for studying developmental aspects of the crustacean nervous system due to its rapid embryonic development and short reproductive cycle. In the present paper, we demonstrate the pattern of central axonal pathways in embryos of this species by immunohistochemical detection of acetylated a-tubulin. Development of the neuropil was elucidated by using an antibody to a Drosophila synapsin. In the ventral nerve cord, the segmental axonal scaffold consists of the paired lateral connectives, a median connective, and the anterior and posterior commissures. Three nerve roots were found to branch off each ganglion anlage, i.e. the main segmental nerve root, a smaller posterior nerve and the intersegmental nerve. However, this pattern is different in the mandibular segment where no intersegmental nerve and only one commissure was encountered. The anterior part of the brain consists of a tritocerebral and a deutocerebral anlage as well as the anlage of the medial protocerebrum. The latter is connected to the eyestalk via the protocerebral tract. The sequence of development of the eyestalk ganglia was demonstrated in specimens which were stained with the anti-synapsin antibody. The medulla terminalis and medulla interna are the first neuropils to appear and are still fused in early stages. Later, the medulla interna splits off the medulla terminalis. The lamina ganglionaris is the last of the eyestalk neuropils to develop. These findings prove that immunocytochemistry against acetylated a-tubulin and synapsin are valuable tools for studying the development of the crustacean nervous system.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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