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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2015-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1865-7362
    Electronic ISSN: 1865-7389
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2021-08-28
    Description: The quality and the stability of devices prepared from polycrystalline layers of organic–inorganic perovskites highly depend on the grain sizes prevailing. Tuning of the grain size is either done during layer preparation or in a post-processing step. Our investigation refers to thermal imprint as the post-processing step to induce grain growth in perovskite layers, offering the additional benefit of providing a flat surface for multi-layer devices. The material studied is MAPbBr3; we investigate grain growth at a pressure of 100 bar and temperatures of up to 150 °C, a temperature range where the pressurized stamp is beneficial to avoid thermal degradation. Grain coarsening develops in a self-similar way, featuring a log-normal grain size distribution; categories like ‘normal’ or ‘secondary’ growth are less applicable as the layers feature a preferential orientation already before imprint-induced grain growth. The experiments are simulated with a capillary-based growth law; the respective parameters are determined experimentally, with an activation energy of Q ≈ 0.3 eV. It turns out that with imprint as well the main parameter relevant to grain growth is temperature; to induce grain growth in MAPbBr3 within a reasonable processing time a temperature of 120 °C and beyond is advised. An analysis of the mechanical situation during imprint indicates a dominance of thermal stress. The minimization of elastic energy and surface energy together favours the development of grains with (100)-orientation in MaPbBr3 layers. Furthermore, the experiments indicate that the purity of the materials used for layer preparation is a major factor to achieve large grains; however, a diligent and always similar preparation of the layer is equally important as it defines the pureness of the resulting perovskite layer, intimately connected with its capability to grow. The results are not only of interest to assess the potential of a layer with respect to grain growth when specific temperatures and times are chosen; they also help to rate the long-term stability of a layer under temperature loading, e.g. during the operation of a device.
    Print ISSN: 0947-8396
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0630
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2021-09-20
    Description: The production of thin-wall ductile iron (TWDI) by high-pressure die-casting (HPDC) is complex because of several metallurgical and microstructural challenges. The present work aims to evaluate the austemperability of components (4 mm thickness) produced by HPDC process. The graphitization kinetics, the pearlite formation during continuous cooling, and the effect of austempering on the evolution of the ausferritic microstructure were investigated using dilatometric tests, microstructural analysis as well as Vickers hardness tests and tensile tests. Results show that components exhibit a brittle behavior because of white structures, small shrinkage cavities, and microporosity in the as-cast condition. Graphitization at 1100 °C allows rapid formation of small graphite particles within a short time (40 s). The critical cooling time (t8/5) to avoid the formation of pearlite upon cooling was found to be 5 s at a martensite start temperature of 193 ± 14 °C. Austempering at 360 °C for 40 min results in an ausferritic microstructure with stable carbon-enriched austenite which provides a high hardness (355 ± 4 HV10) and tensile strength (Rm = 709 ± 65 MPa). The results represent main criteria regarding the producibility of die-casted TWDI, which are helpful for future alloy and heat treatment design.
    Print ISSN: 1059-9495
    Electronic ISSN: 1544-1024
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2023-10-16
    Description: The steel industry is responsible for a quarter of all industrial greenhouse gas emissions. So far, the environmental savings are mainly due to steel recycling. Besides recycling, the circular economy offers strategies to increase material efficiency and thus decrease the primary raw material demand. However, the potentials remain unexploited because circular economy concepts with a higher degree of circularity are not considered. The presented case study of an industrial machining knife illustrates how the production process can be improved by implementing various circular strategies. The environmental performance is analyzed by calculating and comparing the carbon footprint, the cumulative energy demand and the material footprint, and the material efficiency indicator. The results show that the implementation of the three overarching strategies of the circular economy - narrowing, closing, and slowing - contributes to a significant increase in material efficiency. The implementation also has a positive effect on the overall environmental performance. The circular production processes require less energy and resources and cause fewer emissions. Auxiliary processes such as additional transport routes are relevant, as they can reduce or even overcompensate for savings. These processes must be adequately considered and designed.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: Das zentrale Anliegen des Projektes besteht darin, regionale Stoffkreisläufe in der metallverarbeitenden Industrie zu schließen - mit einem Schwerpunkt auf (Hand-) Werkzeuge und Schneidwaren - sowie dies durch den Einsatz digitaler Technologien zu organisieren und zu optimieren. Das Ziel ist, Ressourcen- und Energieverbräuche zu reduzieren sowie ökonomische Vorteile für die Unternehmen zu realisieren. Im Detail soll es darum gehen, verschlissene metallische Produkte am End-of-Life nicht einer Verwertung durch Umschmelzen zuzuführen, sondern durch Remanufacturing und Repurposing die Nutzungsdauer der mit hohem Energie- und Ressourcenaufwand erzeugten Metalle zu verlängern. Diese Ansätze sollen unternehmensübergreifend aufgestellt werden und erfordern eine digital unterstützte Logistikkette sowie eine vollständige Rückverfolgbarkeit. Eine Rückführung verschlissener Maschinenmesser lohnt sich nach derzeitigem Kenntnisstand nicht, wenn dieses Material nur den Schrottpreis aufweist. Im Projekt "Circle of Tools" soll daher ein neues Geschäftsmodell entwickelt werden, das darauf basiert, sortenreine, qualitativ hochwertige Materialien entweder im primären Herstellungsprozess zu nutzen oder zur Weiterverarbeitung in andere Herstellungsprozesse unternehmensübergreifend zu integrieren. Neben den rein technischen Möglichkeiten werden betriebswirtschaftliche Faktoren, das Ressourceneffizienzpotenzial und der rechtliche Rahmen untersucht. Die in der europäischen Abfallrahmenrichtlinie und dem deutschen Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz verankerte Abfallhierarchie geht von der grundsätzlichen ökologischen Vorteilhaftigkeit der unterschiedlichen Stufen aus. Während das stoffliche Recycling von Produkten in der Regel vorteilhafter ist als ihre thermische Verwertung oder Deponierung, sind Reuse/Kaskadennutzung demnach ökologisch vorteilhafter als sämtliche Recyclingtechnologien. Die Datenlage ist hier jedoch im Vergleich zu vielen Recyclingtechnologien noch äußerst lückenhaft und unsystematisch. Einzelne Untersuchungen weisen jedoch auf signifikante Ressourceneffizienzpotenziale hin. Abschätzungen zeigen, dass die in diesem Vorhaben angedachte Reuse-/Kaskadennutzung zu einer Einsparung von 300 Tonnen Primär-Werkzeugstahl führen könnte. Das Vorhaben kann diese signifikanten Potenziale nachweisen und gleichzeitig geeignete und übertragbare Geschäftsmodelle aufzeigen. Auf Grundlage der empirischen Erhebungen werden im Projekt genaue Wirkungen berechnet für folgende Fragen: (1) Welche Mengen an Rohstoffe können durch Remanufacturing/Repurposing eingespart werden? (2) Welche ökonomische Wertschöpfung ist damit zu erzielen? (3) Wie ist ein Remanufacturing/Repurposing im Vergleich zu anderen Verwertungsverfahren ökologisch und ökonomisch einzuschätzen?
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
    Format: application/pdf
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