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  • 11
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    Sulfur dioxide and particles in quiescent volcanic plumes from Poas, Arenal, and Colima volcanos, Costa Rica and Mexico (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements of SO2 emission rates and concentrations and of particle distribution, size, shape, and composition were made in quiescent volcanic plumes emitted into the troposphere from Poas and Arenal volcanos, Costa Rica, and Colima volcano, Mexico. SO2 emission rates were 700 + or - 180 metric tons per day (t/d) for Poas, 210 + or - 30 t/d for Arenal, and 320 + or - 50 t/d for Colima. The concentrations of SO2 calculated from the COSPEC/lidar data were 5-380 ppb. Concentrations of SO2 measured directly by flame photometry were 10-250 ppb. Particles collected in the plumes with a quartz crystal microbalance impactor were mostly less than 3 microns in diameter and consisted of droplets of dilute sulfur-bearing solutions and minor amounts of layer silicate particles coated with a sulfur-bearing film or crust. Total particle concentrations were 4.7 micrograms per cu.m for Poas and 18.8 micrograms per cu.m for Colima. Comparison of concentrations of SO2 in the plumes with gas samples collected at fumaroles on the ground suggests that the plumes are diluted by the atmosphere by factors of up to 100,000.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9633-964
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  • 12
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    Characterization of aerosols from eruptions of Mount St. Helens (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of mass concentration and size distribution of aerosols from eruptions of Mount St. Helens as well as morphological and elemental analyses were obtained between 7 April and 7 August 1980. In situ measurements were made in early phreatic and later, minor phreatomagmatic eruption clouds near the vent of the volcano and in plumes injected into the stratosphere from the major eruptions of 18 and 25 May. The phreatic aerosol was characterized by an essentially monomodal size distribution dominated by silicate particles larger than 10 micrometers in diameter. The phreatomagmatic eruption cloud was multimodal; the large size mode consisted of silicate particles and the small size modes were made up of mixtures of sulfuric acid and silicate particles. The stratospheric aerosol from the main eruption exhibited a characteristic narrow single mode with particles less than 1 micrometer in diameter and nearly all of the mass made up of sulfuric acid droplets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 211; Feb. 20
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  • 13
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    Fine particles in the Soufriere eruption plume (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The size distributions of fine particles measured at tropospheric altitudes in the periphery of the eruption plume formed during the April 17, 1979 eruption of Soufriere Volcano and in the low-level effluents on May 15, 1979 were found to be bimodal, having peak concentrations at geometric mean diameters of 1.1 and 0.23 micrometers. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of the samples revealed an abundance of aluminum and silicon and traces of sodium, magnesium, chlorine, potassium, calcium, and iron in the large-particle mode. The submicrometer-sized particles were covered with liquid containing sulfur, assumed to be in the form of liquid sulfuric acid.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 216; June 4
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  • 14
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    Atmospheric implications of studies of Central American volcanic eruption clouds (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 20
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  • 15
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    Halite particles injected into the stratosphere by the 1982 El Chichon eruption (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A cascade impactor was flown on board a U-2 aircraft to gather particulate samples in the stratosphere at 18-21 km altitude after the El Chichon eruptions of 1982. Halite particles were observed, which posed a hazard for the catalytic destruction of ozone. No halite particles were observed a month after the eruptions, while a 40 percent increase in HCl was detected at 12 km, an increase which could have been augmented by halite transformations. The halite proportion of the volcanic clouds was of the same proportion of NaCl as in the volcanic ash around El Chichon. The results indicate that halite forms in eruption clouds of volcanos with alkalic magmas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 230; 170-172
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  • 16
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    Size-specific composition of aerosols in the El Chichon volcanic cloud (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A NASA U-2 research aircraft flew sampling missions in April, May, July, November, and December 1982 aimed at obtaining in situ data in the stratospheric cloud produced from the March-April 1982 El Chichon eruptions. Post flight analyses provided information on the aerosol composition and morphology. The particles ranged in size from smaller than 0.05 m to larger than 20 m diameter and were quite complex in composition. In the April, May, and July samples the aerosol mass was dominated by magmatic and lithic particles larger than about 3 m. The submicron particles consisted largely of sulfuric acid. Halite particles, believed to be related to a salt dome beneath El Chichon, were collected in the stratosphere in April and May. On the July 23 flight, copper-zinc oxide particles were collected. In July, November, and December, in addition to the volcanic ash and acid particles, carbon-rich particles smaller than about 0.1 m aerodynamic diameter were abundant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1041-104
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  • 17
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    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HYPERSONIC RAREFIED FLOW NEAR THE LEADING EDGE OF A THIN FLAT PLATE (1963)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-11
    Description: Rarefied gas dynamics - surface pressure & pitot pressure distribution in neighborhood of leading edge of thin flat plate
    Keywords: FACILITIES, RESEARCH, AND SUPPORT
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  • 18
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    An orbiting density measuring instrument (1966)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-30
    Description: Design of direct air density measuring device for use aboard orbiting spacecraft
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-53468
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 19
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    A high sensitivity real-time NVR monitor (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The use of a temperature-controlled 200-MHz SAW resonator piezoelectric mass microbalance to monitor the mass of nonvolatile residue (NVR) deposited on its surface in real time is reported. The fundamental frequency of this device is mainly dependent on the configuration of the transducers and not on the thickness of the substrate. Therefore, higher operating frequencies can be achieved without reducing the thickness of the crystal. The real-time instrument was integrated onto a conventional stainless steel NVR plate and operated flawlessly over a 14-d period at Kennedy Space Center and successfully measured less than 1 ng/sq cm d NVR contamination. Contamination episodes detected by the instrument were correlated with scheduled activities on the test stand. Under the assumption of a baseline noise level of +/- 2 Hz, the absolute mass lower limit of detection would be 0.065 ng/sq cm. This would enable the detection of a daily NVR deposition rate of less than 0.1 ng/sq cm d.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: In: Optical system contamination: Effects, measurement, control III; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 23, 24, 1992 (A93-32476 12-19); p. 344-351.
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  • 20
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    Small particles in plumes of Mount St. Helens (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Particles in the size range 0.1-25 microns were sampled by aircraft carrying a quartz crystal microcascade in the Mount St. Helens plume on three dates in August and September 1980. Two of the sampling dates represented 'typical' emissions of the volcano between plinian eruptions. One sampling flight was made 1-4 hours before the small plinian eruption of August 7, 1980 when the plume had become discontinuous and visibly darker. The plume sampled on August 7, before the eruption, contained mainly approximately 2-micron diameter silicic glass particles, fragments of the Mount St. Helens magma. The typical plumes sampled on September 22 and August 6 had much smaller concentrations of particles, trimodal size distributions with peaks at 10, 0.4, and 0.1 microns. The particles were largely nonsilicate and apparently represented Cu-Zn oxide (10 micron peak), Al sulfate, chloride, and oxide, and sulfuric acid (smallest size peak).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; June 20
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