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  • 1
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    Relating SMMR 37 GHz polarization difference to precipitation and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration - A reappraisal (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The relations of Scanning Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) 37 GHz polarization difference to precipitation and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are reviewed. Annual precipitation data, a surrogate for green leaf vegetation density, are compared with the coincident SMMR 37 GHz polarization difference from arid and semi-arid West Africa for 1982-85. The SMMR 37 GHz polarization difference was found to be poorly correlated with precipitation in arid and semi-arid zones, contrary to previous reports. Coincident SMMR 37 GHz polarization difference and atmospheric CO2 concentration data from July 1981 to June 1983 are also reviewed. Previously suggested relations of the SMMR 37 GHz polarization difference to atmospheric CO2 concentrations were found to be heavily biased by winter conditions in the Northern Hemisphere. The use of the SMMR 37 GHz polarization difference for determining green leaf vegetation density, net primary production, atmospheric CO2 draw-down and related processes is questioned.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 13; 177-191
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  • 2
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    Climate-disease connections: Rift Valley Fever in Kenya (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: All known Rift Valley fever(RVF) outbreaks in Kenya from 1950 to 1998 followed periods of abnormally high rainfall. On an interannual scale, periods of above normal rainfall in East Africa are associated with the warm phase of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Anomalous rainfall floods mosquito-breeding habitats called dambos, which contain transovarially infected mosquito eggs. The eggs hatch Aedes mosquitoes that transmit the RVF virus preferentially to livestock and to humans as well. Analysis of historical data on RVF outbreaks and indicators of ENSO (including Pacific and Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures and the Southern Oscillation Index) indicates that more than three quarters of the RVF outbreaks have occurred during warm ENSO event periods. Mapping of ecological conditions using satellite normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data show that areas where outbreaks have occurred during the satellite recording period (1981-1998) show anomalous positive departures in vegetation greenness, an indicator of above-normal precipitation. This is particularly observed in arid areas of East Africa, which are predominantly impacted by this disease. These results indicate a close association between interannual climate variability and RVF outbreaks in Kenya.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Cadernos de saude publica / Ministerio da Saude, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saude Publica (ISSN 0102-311X); Volume 17 Suppl; 133-40
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  • 3
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    Mean and inter-year variation of growing-season normalized difference vegetation index for the Sahel 1981-1989 (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Images are presented that show the mean and coefficient of variation of nine years (1981-1989) of NOAA AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data for the growing season (July-October) in Africa, north of the equator. The variation in the growing season NDVI is represented by the coefficient of variation image that shows the large variation in the Sahelian growing season between years. It is concluded that these images illustrate some aspects of the perspective being brought to regional and continental scale processes by coarse resolution satellite sensors and the potential of these sensors to provide consistent, long-term datasets.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 12; 1133-113
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  • 4
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    Assessment of ecological conditions associated with the 1980/81 desert locust plague upsurge in West Africa using environmental satellite data (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 7; 1609-162
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  • 5
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    Satellite remote sensing of rangelands in Botswana. II - NOAA AVHRR and herbaceous vegetation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The relation between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the herbaceous vegetation in Tamasane, Shakwe, and Masama in eastern Botswana is studied using 1983-1984 AVHRR data. The procedures for Landsat MSS interpolation of ground measurements and the data processing of the AVHRR data are described. The temporal sequence AVHRR global-area coverage (GAC) composite NDVI is examined. The AVHRR GAC composite NDVI and biomass and Landsat MSS interpolations of field measurements are analyzed and compared.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 7; 1555-157
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  • 6
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    Monitoring the grasslands of the Sahel 1984-1985 (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Normalized difference vegetation index data obtained from polar-orbiting meteorological satellites were used to compare the growing or rainy seasons of 1984 and 1985 for the Sahelian zone of Africa. A substantial difference was found between these two years, with 1985 generally having higher normalized difference vegetation index values indicating higher levels of primary production in 1985 than in 1984. 1 km data were compared for Senegal, Mali, Niger and Sudan, and 7 km data were compared for sub-Saharan Africa. The qualitative comparison of these data suggests the use of similar data to assist in centralized monitoring of rangeland conditions, to identify areas of deficiencies in primary production and provide synoptic information in support of regional drought monitoring.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 7; 1571-158
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  • 7
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    Satellite remote sensing of primary production (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Leaf structure and function are shown to result in distinctive variations in the absorption and reflection of solar radiation from plant canopies. The leaf properties that determine the radiation-interception characteristics of plant canopies are directly linked to photosynthesis, stomatal resistance and evapotranspiration and can be inferred from measurements of reflected solar energy. The effects of off-nadir viewing and atmospheric constituents, coupled with the need to measure changing surface conditions, emphasize the need for multitemporal measurements of reflected radiation if primary production is to be estimated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 7; 1395-141
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  • 8
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    Maximum normalized difference vegetation index images for sub-Saharan Africa for 1983-1985 (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 7; 1383
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  • 9
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    The contribution of AVHRR data for measuring and understanding global processes - Large-scale deforestation in the Amazon basin (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 10
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    Monitoring vegetation using Nimbus-7 scanning mutichannel microwave radiometer's data (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Field studies and radiative transfer model calculations have shown that brightness temperature at high microwave frequencies is strongly affected by vegetation. The daytime observations for six consecutive years (1979 to 1984) over the Sahara, Senegalese Sahel, Burkina Fasso (Upper Volta), and U.S. Southern Great Plains at 37 GHz frequency of the Sanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus-7 satellite are analyzed, and a high correlation with the normalized difference vegetation index derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer on board the NOAA-7 satellite is found. The SMMR data appear to provide a valuable new long-term global data set for monitoring vegetation. In particular, the differing responses of vegetation (for example, annual grasses versus woody plants) to drought and the stability of the desert/steppe boundary of northern Africa might be studied using the time series data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 8; 533-538
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