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  • Other Sources  (11)
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  • 1
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    Simulation of cosmic irradiation conditions in thick target arrangements (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: One approach to simulate 2-pi irradiation conditions of planetary surfaces which has been widely applied in the past are bombardments of so called thick targets. A very large thick target was exposed recently to 2.1 GeV protons at the Bevatron-Bevalac in Berkeley. In a 100x100x180 cm steel-surrounded granodiorite target radioactive medium and high energy spallation products of the incident primary and of secondary particles were analyzed along the beam axis down to depths of 140 g/cm(2) in targets such as Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, T, Si, SiO2 and Al. Activities of these nuclides were exclusively determined via instrumental gamma-ray spectroscopy. Relative yields of neutron capture and spallation products induced in Co and Cu targets during the thick target bombardment are shown as a function of depth. The majority of the medium energy products such as Co-58 from Co targets exhibit a maximum at shallow depths of 40-60 g/cm(2) and then decrease exponentially. In a comparable 600 MeV proton bombarded thick target such a slight maximum for medium energy products was not observed. Rather, Co-58 activities in Co decreased steadily with the highest activity at the surface. The activities of the n-capture product Co-60 increase steadily starting at the surface. This indicates the rapidly growing flux of low energy neutrons within the target.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on Cosmogenic Nuclides; 3 p
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Development of visible/infrared/microwave agriculture classification and biomass estimation algorithms, volume 2 (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Agricultural crop classification models using two or more spectral regions (visible through microwave) were developed and tested and biomass was estimated by including microwave with visible and infrared data. The study was conducted at Guymon, Oklahoma and Dalhart, Texas utilizing aircraft multispectral data and ground truth soil moisture and biomass information. Results indicate that inclusion of C, L, and P band active microwave data from look angles greater than 35 deg from nadir with visible and infrared data improved crop discrimination and biomass estimates compared to results using only visible and infrared data. The active microwave frequencies were sensitive to different biomass levels. In addition, two indices, one using only active microwave data and the other using data from the middle and near infrared bands, were well correlated to total biomass.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10059 , NASA-CR-173140 , NAS 1.26:173140 , RSC-3458-130-VOL-2
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Correlation of microwave sensor returns with soil moisture (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Microwave sensor soil data were collected by aircraft over agricultural croplands. Multiple incident angle scatterometer data (13.3, 4.75, 1.6 and 0.4 GHz), passive radiometer data (L and C-band), and soil moisture ground truth measurements were collected coincidentally. Each sensor and angle of incidence was linearly analyzed against the measured soil moisture. For bare agricultural soils, the optimal single sensor for soil moisture preduction is the L-band passive radiometer. The effects of vegetation and differing surface roughness prove significant. When both bare and vegetated surfaces were studied, the masking due to the vegetation renders the single sensor approach ineffective in soil moisture prediction. Multisensor techniques are necessary to remotely measure soil moisture when a priori knowledge of vegetation is not available.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. Towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 251-256
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Utilization of active microwave roughness measurements to improve passive microwave soil moisture estimates over bare soils (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Multisensor aircraft data were used to establish the potential of the active microwave sensor response to be used to compensate for roughness in the passive microwave sensor's response to soil moisture. Only bare fields were used. It is found that the L-band radiometer's capability to estimate soil moisture significantly improves when surface roughness is accounted for with the scatterometers.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. Towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 257-262
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Correlation of spacecraft passive microwave system data with soil moisture indices (API) (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Electrical scanning microwave radiometer brightness temperature, meteorological data, climatological data, and winter wheat crop information were used to estimate that soil moisture content in the Great Plains region. Results over the predominant winter wheat areas indicate that the best potential to infer soil moisture occurs during fall and spring. These periods encompass the growth stages when soil moisture is most important to winter wheat yield. Other significant results are reported.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-164142 , REPT-3622-4
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Measurement of soil moisture trends with airborne scatterometers (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In an effort to investigate aircraft multisensor responses to soil moisture and vegetation in agricultural fields, an intensive ground sampling program was conducted in Guymon, Oklahoma and Dalhart, Texas in conjunction with aircraft data collected for visible/infrared and passive and active microwave systems. Field selections, sampling techniques, data processing, and the aircraft schedule are discussed for both sites. Field notes are included along with final (normalized and corrected) data sets.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E82-10361 , NASA-CR-170454-Vol-3 , NAS 1.26:169010 , RSC-3458-131
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  • 7
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    Utilization of vegetation indices to improve microwave soil moisture estimates over agricultural lands (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A technique is presented by means of which visible/near-IR data are used to develop corrections in remotely sensed microwave soil moisture signals, in order to account for vegetation effects. Visible/IR data collected with the NASA NS001 Thematic Mapper Simulator were used to calculate the Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI), which was then related to the change of sensitivity of the microwave measurement to surface soil moisture. Effective estimation of soil moisture in the presence of vegetation can be made with L-band microwave radiometers and visible/IR sensors when the PVI is lower than 4.3. This technique offers a means for the estimation of moisture from a space platform over many agricultural areas, without expensive ground data collection.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 490-496
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Development of visible/infrared/microwave agriculture classification and biomass estimation algorithms (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Agricultural crop classification models using two or more spectral regions (visible through microwave) are considered in an effort to estimate biomass at Guymon, Oklahoma Dalhart, Texas. Both grounds truth and aerial data were used. Results indicate that inclusion of C, L, and P band active microwave data, from look angles greater than 35 deg from nadir, with visible and infrared data improve crop discrimination and biomass estimates compared to results using only visible and infrared data. The microwave frequencies were sensitive to different biomass levels. The K and C band were sensitive to differences at low biomass levels, while P band was sensitive to differences at high biomass levels. Two indices, one using only active microwave data and the other using data from the middle and near infrared bands, were well correlated to total biomass. It is implied that inclusion of active microwave sensors with visible and infrared sensors on future satellites could aid in crop discrimination and biomass estimation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E82-10363 , NASA-CR-169012
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Multifrequency remote sensing of soil moisture (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Multifrequency sensor data collected at Guymon, Oklahoma and Dalhart, Texas using NASA's C-130 aircraft were used to determine which of the all-weather microwave sensors demonstrated the highest correlation to surface soil moisture over optimal bare soil conditions, and to develop and test techniques which use visible/infrared sensors to compensate for the vegetation effect in this sensor's response to soil moisture. The L-band passive microwave radiometer was found to be the most suitable single sensor system to estimate soil moisture over bare fields. In comparison to other active and passive microwave sensors the L-band radiometer (1) was influenced least by ranges in surface roughness; (2) demonstrated the most sensitivity to soil moisture differences in terms of the range of return from the full range of soil moisture; and (3) was less sensitive to errors in measurement in relation to the range of sensor response. L-band emissivity related more strongly to soil moisture when moisture was expressed as percent of field capacity. The perpendicular vegetation index as determined from the visible/infrared sensors was useful as a measure of the vegetation effect on the L-band radiometer response to soil moisture.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E82-10362 , NASA-CR-169011 , NAS 1.26:169011 , RSC-3458-129
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Microwave remote sensing of soil moisture, volume 1 (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Multifrequency sensor data from NASA's C-130 aircraft were used to determine which of the all weather microwave sensors demonstrated the highest correlation to surface soil moisture over optimal bare soil conditions, and to develop and test techniques which use visible/infrared sensors to compensate for the vegetation effect in this sensor's response to soil moisture. The L-band passive microwave radiometer was found to be the most suitable single sensor system to estimate soil moisture over bare fields. The perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) as determined from the visible/infrared sensors was useful as a measure of the vegetation effect on the L-band radiometer response to soil moisture. A linear equation was developed to estimate percent field capacity as a function of L-band emissivity and the vegetation index. The prediction algorithm improves the estimation of moisture significantly over predictions from L-band emissivity alone.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E83-10108 , NASA-CR-166822 , NAS 1.26:166822 , RSC-3458-129-VOL-1
    Format: application/pdf
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