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  • Other Sources  (9)
  • 1
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    Leukocyte subsets and neutrophil function after short-term spaceflight (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Changes in leukocyte subpopulations and function after spaceflight have been observed but the mechanisms underlying these changes are not well defined. This study investigated the effects of short-term spaceflight (8-15 days) on circulating leukocyte subsets, stress hormones, immunoglobulin levels, and neutrophil function. At landing, a 1.5-fold increase in neutrophils was observed compared with preflight values; lymphocytes were slightly decreased, whereas the results were variable for monocytes. No significant changes were observed in plasma levels of immunoglobulins, cortisol, or adrenocorticotropic hormone. In contrast, urinary epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol were significantly elevated at landing. Band neutrophils were observed in 9 of 16 astronauts. Neutrophil chemotactic assays showed a 10-fold decrease in the optimal dose response after landing. Neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells was increased both before and after spaceflight. At landing, the expression of MAC-1 was significantly decreased while L-selectin was significantly increased. These functional alterations may be of clinical significance on long-duration space missions.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Journal of leukocyte biology (ISSN 0741-5400); Volume 65; 2; 179-86
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  • 2
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    FLIGHT INVESTIGATION OF PENTABORANE FUEL IN 9.75-INCH-DIAMETER RAM-JET ENGINE WITH DOWNSTREAM FUEL INJECTION (1957)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-11
    Description: Flight investigation of pentaborane fuel in 9.75- inch-diameter ramjet engine with downstream fuel injection
    Keywords: PHYSICS, SOLID-STATE
    Type: NACA-RM-E55G01
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    Wind tunnel investigation of a Centaur standard shroud compartment vent from Mach number of 0.70 to 1.96 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental investigation was conducted in the Lewis Research Center 8- by 6-foot supersonic wind tunnel to determine the vent discharge coefficient for the Centaur standard shroud/liquid hydrogen tank compartment vent. The test was conducted from Mach 0.70 to 1.96 with the vent mounted in a flat plate. Full scale simulated flight hardware, such as the vent, corrugations, aft field joint ring and ice bag clip was used. Air was discharged from a plenum chamber, located on the tunnel sidewall behind the plate, through five 6.35 cm diameter vent orifices into the free stream. Boundary layer thickeners, analytically predicted displacement thickness for the vehicle nominal flight trajectory could be simulated over the Mach number range. The highest vent discharge coefficient for any given Mach number and vent pressure ratio generally occurred at the maximum displacement thickness.
    Keywords: LAUNCH VEHICLES AND SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71759 , E-8461
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Venting characteristics of gaseous helium and nitrogen discharging into a free stream at Mach numbers from 0.60 to 1.57 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental investigation was conducted in the Lewis Research Center 8- by 6-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel to compare the effects on discharge coefficient of venting gaseous helium and gaseous nitrogen into a free stream. The test was conducted from Mach 0.06 to 1.57 with the vent mounted in a flat plate. The plate was strut mounted to the tunnel ceiling and at a 0 angle of attack. The gases were discharged from a plenum chamber through a 2.54-centimeter (1.00-in.) diameter vent. The ratio of local static pressure to plenum pressure was varied from 0.51 to 0.975. The ratio of boundary layer thickness to vent diameter varied from a maximum of 1.34 at Mach 0.60 to a minimum of 0.55 at Mach 1.37.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-2995 , E-7698
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  • 5
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    Effects of flanges on pressure distribution on a flat plate and on a corrugated surface at Mach numbers from 0.60 to 1.97 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An 8 by 6 foot supersonic wind tunnel was used to obtain the static pressure distribution on a plate in the region of a flange placed normal to the airstream. Tests were conducted on both a flat plate surface and a corrugated surface using flange heights ranging from 10 to 125 percent of the boundary layer height. Data were obtained at a zero degree angle-of-attack and at Mach numbers from 0.60 to 1.97.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-2968 , E-7519
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  • 6
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    The Nanograv Nine-Year Data Set: Measurement and Analysis of Variations in Dispersion Measures (2017)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We analyze dispersion measure(DM) variations of 37 millisecond pulsars in the nine-year North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) data release and constrain the sources of these variations. DM variations can result from a changing distance between Earth and the pulsar, inhomogeneities in the interstellar medium, and solar effects. Variations are significant for nearly all pulsars, with characteristic timescales comparable to or even shorter than the average spacing between observations. Five pulsars have periodic annual variations, 14 pulsars have monotonically increasing or decreasing trends, and 14 pulsars show both effects. Of the four pulsars with linear trends that have line-of-sight velocity measurements, three are consistent with a changing distance and require an overdensity of free electrons local to the pulsar. Several pulsars show correlations between DM excesses and lines of sight that pass close to the Sun. Mapping of the DM variations as a function of the pulsar trajectory can identify localized interstellar medium features and, in one case, an upper limit to the size of the dispersing region of 4 au. Four pulsars show roughly Kolmogorov structure functions (SFs), and another four show SFs less steep than Kolmogorov. One pulsar has too large an uncertainty to allow comparisons. We discuss explanations for apparent departures from a Kolmogorov-like spectrum, and we show that the presence of other trends and localized features or gradients in the interstellar medium is the most likely cause.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN45943 , The Astrophysical Journal (ISSN 0004-637X) (e-ISSN 1538-4357); 841; 2; 125
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  • 7
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    The NANOGrav 11 Year Data Set: Pulsar-Timing Constraints on the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background (2018)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) in the newly released 11 year data set from the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav). While we find no evidence for a GWB, we place constraints on a population of inspiraling supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries, a network of decaying cosmic strings, and a primordial GWB. For the first time, we find that the GWB constraints are sensitive to the solar system ephemeris (SSE) model used and that SSE errors can mimic a GWB signal. We developed an approach that bridges systematic SSE differences, producing the first pulsar-timing array (PTA) constraints that are robust against SSE errors. We thus place a 95% upper limit on the GW-strain amplitude of A (sub GWB) 〈 1.45 10 (exp -15) at a frequency of f=1 yr(exp -1) for a fiducial f (exp -2/3) power-law spectrum and with interpulsar correlations modeled. This is a factor of approximately 2 improvement over the NANOGrav nine-year limit calculated using the same procedure. Previous PTA upper limits on the GWB (as well as their astrophysical and cosmological interpretations) will need revision in light of SSE systematic errors. We use our constraints to characterize the combined influence on the GWB of the stellar mass density in galactic cores, the eccentricity of SMBH binaries, and SMBH-galactic-bulge scaling relationships. We constrain the cosmic-string tension using recent simulations, yielding an SSE-marginalized 95% upper limit of G (sub mu) 〈 5.3 10(exp -11) - a factor of approximately 2 better than the published NANOGrav nine-year constraints. Our SSE-marginalized 95% upper limit on the energy density of a primordial GWB (for a radiation-dominated post-inflation universe) is omega (sub GWB)(f) h (exp 2) 〈 3.4 10 (exp -10).
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN59128 , Astrophysical Journal (ISSN 0004-637X) (e-ISSN 1538-4357); 859; 1; 47
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  • 8
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    The NANOGrav Nine-Year Data Set: Limits on the Isotropic Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background (2016)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We compute upper limits on the nanohertz-frequency isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB) using the 9 year data set from the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) collaboration. Well-tested Bayesian techniques are used to set upper limits on the dimensionless strain amplitude (at a frequency of 1 yr(exp -1) for a GWB from supermassive black hole binaries of A(sub gw) less than 1.5 x 10(exp -15). We also parameterize the GWB spectrum with a broken power-law model by placing priors on the strain amplitude derived from simulations of Sesana and McWilliams et al. Using Bayesian model selection we find that the data favor a broken power law to a pure power law with odds ratios of 2.2 and 22 to one for the Sesana and McWilliams prior models, respectively. Using the broken power-law analysis we construct posterior distributions on environmental factors that drive the binary to the GW-driven regime including the stellar mass density for stellar-scattering, mass accretion rate for circumbinary disk interaction, and orbital eccentricity for eccentric binaries, marking the first time that the shape of the GWB spectrum has been used to make astrophysical inferences. Returning to a power-law model, we place stringent limits on the energy density of relic GWs, OMEGA(sub gw) (f) h squared less than 4.2 x 10(exp -10). Our limit on the cosmic string GWB, OMEGA(sub gw) (f) h squared less than 2.2 x 10(exp -10), translates to a conservative limit on the cosmic string tension with G mu less than 3.3 x 10(exp -8), a factor of four better than the joint Planck and high-l cosmic microwave background data from other experiments.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN50841 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN48302 , The Astrophysical Journal (ISSN 0004-637X) (e-ISSN 1538-4357); 821; 1; 13
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  • 9
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    The NANOGrav 11 Yr Data Set: Limits on Gravitational Waves from Individual Supermassive Black Hole Binaries (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-31
    Description: Observations indicate that nearly all galaxies contain supermassive black holes at their centers. When galaxies merge, their component black holes form SMBH binaries (SMBHBs), which emit low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) that can be detected by pulsar timing arrays. We have searched the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves 11 yr data set for GWs from individual SMBHBs in circular orbits. As we did not find strong evidence for GWs in our data, we placed 95% upper limits on the strength of GWs from such sources. At f(gw) = 8 nHz, we placed a sky-averaged upper limit of h(0) 〈 7.3(3) 10(exp 15). We also developed a technique to determine the significance of a particular signal in each pulsar using "dropout" parameters as a way of identifying spurious signals. From these upper limits, we ruled out SMBHBs emitting GWs f(gw) = 8 nHz within 120 Mpc for M = 10(exp 9) Solar Mass, and within 5.5 Gpc for M= 10(exp 10) Solar Mass at our most sensitive sky location. We also determined that there are no SMBHBs with M 〉 1.6 x 10(exp 9) Solar Mass emitting GWs with f(gw) = 2.8317.8 nHz in the Virgo Cluster. Finally, we compared our strain upper limits to simulated populations of SMBHBs, based on galaxies in the Two Micron All-Sky Survey and merger rates from the Illustris cosmological simulation project, and found that only 34 out of 75,000 realizations of the local universe contained a detectable source.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN76492 , Astrophysical Journal; 880; 2; 116
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