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  • 1
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    Fossils, molecules and embryos: new perspectives on the Cambrian explosion (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Cambrian explosion is named for the geologically sudden appearance of numerous metazoan body plans (many of living phyla) between about 530 and 520 million years ago, only 1.7% of the duration of the fossil record of animals. Earlier indications of metazoans are found in the Neoproterozic; minute trails suggesting bilaterian activity date from about 600 million years ago. Larger and more elaborate fossil burrows appear near 543 million years ago, the beginning of the Cambrian Period. Evidence of metazoan activity in both trace and body fossils then increased during the 13 million years leading to the explosion. All living phyla may have originated by the end of the explosion. Molecular divergences among lineages leading to phyla record speciation events that have been earlier than the origins of the new body plans, which can arise many tens of millions of years after an initial branching. Various attempts to date those branchings by using molecular clocks have disagreed widely. While the timing of the evolution of the developmental systems of living metazoan body plans is still uncertain, the distribution of Hox and other developmental control genes among metazoans indicates that an extensive patterning system was in place prior to the Cambrian. However, it is likely that much genomic repatterning occurred during the Early Cambrian, involving both key control genes and regulators within their downstream cascades, as novel body plans evolved.
    Keywords: Geosciences (General)
    Type: Development (Cambridge, England) (ISSN 0950-1991); Volume 126; 5; 851-9
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  • 2
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    Are interpretations of ancient marine temperatures constrained by the presence of ancient marine organisms? (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The relationship between marine temperature and marine organisms is investigated. The adaptation of organisms to extreme temperatures is studied; it is observed that chemautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes adapt to 100 C, photoautotrophic prokaryotes to 73 C, and fungi to 60 C. The physiological and molecular factors related to thermal limits in organisms such as enzymes, lipids, or plasma membranes, are examined. Two types of thermal adaptations, resistance and capacity, are detected in organisms. Reasons for species distributions according to temperature barriers are proposed by Read (1967) and Bullock (1955) and are related to enzyme limits. The effects of an organism's composition on thermal stability is analyzed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 3
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    Food safety (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Illness induced by unsafe food is a problem of great public health significance. This study relates exclusively to the occurrence of chemical agents which will result in food unsafe for human consumption since the matter of food safety is of paramount importance in the mission and operation of the manned spacecraft program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: NASA-CR-141928
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  • 4
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    Major determinants of the biogeographic pattern of the shallow-sea fauna (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The benthic shallow-sea is defined as the region of sea floor lying between the supralittoral zone at the shoreline and the impingement of the thermocline separating a warm shallow and variable portion of the water column from rather homogeneous and constant cooler waters beneath. Three types of shallow-sea provinces can be recognized: (1) one-dimensional, linear shelves; (2) two-dimensional shelves; and (3) scattered islands in two-dimensional arrays. Dispersal powers of marine invertebrates vary with developmental mode, and patterns of dispersal, endemism and speciation vary among the different provincial types. Invertebrate developmental modes vary systematically with geography, and presumably are adaptive to environmental conditions. Clades with only a single mode of development tend to be restricted to regions appropriate to that mode, significantly affecting their biogeographic patterns. The consequences of geographic and other environmental changes are reviewed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Societe Geologique de France, Bulletin (ISSN 0037-9409); 24; 5-6
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  • 5
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    Larval adaptations and patterns of brachiopod diversity in space and time (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Modern biodistributional patterns suggest that modes of larval development are a factor in determining the patterns of diversity in benthic invertebrates. Paleozoic brachiopods had diversity patterns suggesting that they possessed both planktotrophic and nonplanktotrophic modes. It is presently hypothesized that the planktotrophic lineages were lost to extinction, largely or entirely during the Permian-Triassic event, and that the failure of the articulate brachiopods to regain their former importance is substantially due to their nonplanktotrophic developmental mode.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Evolution (ISSN 0014-3820); 37; 5 19; 1052-106
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  • 6
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    Multiple origins of life (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: There is some indication that life may have originated readily under primitive earth conditions. If there were multiple origins of life, the result could have been a polyphyletic biota today. Using simple stochastic models for diversification and extinction, we conclude: (1) the probability of survival of life is low unless there are multiple origins, and (2) given survival of life and given as many as 10 independent origins of life, the odds are that all but one would have gone extinct, yielding the monophyletic biota we have now. The fact of the survival of our particular form of life does not imply that it was unique or superior.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings (ISSN 0027-8424); 80; 2981-298
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  • 7
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    A comparative study of diversification events: the early Paleozoic versus the Mesozoic (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We compare two major long-term diversifications of marine animal families that began during periods of low diversity but produced strikingly different numbers of phyla, classes, and orders. The first is the early-Paleozoic diversification (late Vendian-Ordovician; 182 MY duration) and the other the Mesozoic phase of the post-Paleozoic diversification (183 MY duration). The earlier diversification was associated with a great burst of morphological invention producing many phyla, classes, and orders and displaying high per taxon rates of family origination. The later diversification lacked novel morphologies recognized as phyla and classes, produced fewer orders, and displayed lower per taxon rates of family appearances. The chief difference between the diversifications appears to be that the earlier one proceeded from relatively narrow portions of adaptive space, whereas the latter proceeded from species widely scattered among adaptive zones and representing a variety of body plans. This difference is believed to explain the major differences in the products of these great radiations. Our data support those models that hold that evolutionary opportunity is a major factor in the outcome of evolutionary processes.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Evolution; international journal of organic evolution (ISSN 0014-3820); 41; 6; 1177-86
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  • 8
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    Evolutionary dynamics of plants and animals: a comparative approach (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Patterns of longevity and rate of appearance of taxa in the fossil record indicate a different evolutionary dynamic between land plants and marine invertebrates. Among marine invertebrates, rates of taxonomic turnover declined through the Phanerozoic, with increasingly extinction-resistant, long-lived, clades coming to dominate. Among terrestrial vascular plants, rates of turnover increased through the Phanerozoic, with short-lived, extinction-prone clades coming to dominate from the Devonian to the present. Terrestrial vertebrates appear to approximate the marine invertebrate pattern more closely than the plant record. We identify two features which individually or jointly may have influenced this distinction. First, land plants continuously invaded stressful environments during their evolution, while marine invertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates did not. Second, the relative structural simplicity and indeterminate mode of plant growth vs. the relative structural complexity and determinate mode of animal growth may have influenced the timing of major clade origin in the two groups.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Palaios (ISSN 0883-1351); 6; 81-8
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  • 9
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    Deployable antenna phase A study (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Applications for large deployable antennas were re-examined, flight demonstration objectives were defined, the flight article (antenna) was preliminarily designed, and the flight program and ground development program, including the support equipment, were defined for a proposed space transportation system flight experiment to demonstrate a large (50 to 200 meter) deployable antenna system. Tasks described include: (1) performance requirements analysis; (2) system design and definition; (3) orbital operations analysis; and (4) programmatic analysis.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: NASA-CR-164569
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Application of cabin atmosphere monitors to rapid screening of breath samples for the early detection of disease states (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Analysis of human breath is a nonintrusive method to monitor both endogenous and exogenous chemicals found in the body. Several technologies were investigated and developed which are applicable to monitoring some organic molecules important in both physiological and pathological states. Two methods were developed for enriching the organic molecules exhaled in the breath of humans. One device is based on a respiratory face mask fitted with a polyethylene foam wafer; while the other device is a cryogenic trap utilizing an organic solvent. Using laboratory workers as controls, two organic molecules which occurred in the enriched breath of all subjects were tentatively identified as lactic acid and contisol. Both of these substances occurred in breath in sufficient amounts that the conventional method of gas-liquid chromatography was adequate for detection and quantification. To detect and quantitate trace amounts of chemicals in breath, another type of technology was developed in which analysis was conducted using high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-144548
    Format: application/pdf
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