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  • 1
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    Methods for regression analysis of strong-motion data (1993)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., (submitted), Icelandic Meteorological Office, Ministry for the Environment University of Iceland, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 469-487, pp. TC1011, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993
    Keywords: Strong motions ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Correlation ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Plate bending at subduction zones: Consequences for the direction of plate motions (2006)
    In:  Earth planet. Sci. Lett., Tulsa, 3-4, vol. 245, no. 1-2, pp. 359-364, pp. B09405, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006
    Keywords: Subduction zone ; Rheology ; Stress ; Plate tectonics ; ConvolutionE ; EPSL ; plate ; motions ; mantle ; convection ; rheology ; of ; lithosphere
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Laboratory studies of fast oxygen atom interactions with materials (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: A pulsed 8 km/s oxygen atom source was used to perform a number of measurements of material interactions of interest to low Earth orbit applications. A system to measure the scattering distribution resulting from 8 km/s oxygen atoms impinging on selected spacecraft materials was developed. Data for scattering from glass and black and clear anodized aluminum are presented. Results on the fast atom oxidation mechanism for thin silver films, the O-atom velocity dependent erosion rates for selected materials, and the oxidation dependence on material temperature are presented.
    Keywords: CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS (GENERAL)
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Materials in a Space Environment; p 285-290
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  • 4
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    The middle atmospheric response to short and long term solar UV variations: analysis of observations and 2D model results (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We have investigated the middle atmospheric response to the 27-day and 11-yr solar UV flux variations at low to middle latitudes using a two-dimensional photochemical model. The model reproduced most features of the observed 27-day sensitivity and phase lag of the profile ozone response in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere, with a maximum sensitivity of +0.51% per 1% change in 205 nm flux. The model also reproduced the observed transition to a negative phase lag above 2 mb, reflecting the increasing importance with height of the solar modulated HO(x) chemistry on the ozone response above 45 km. The model revealed the general anti-correlation of ozone and solar UV at 65-75 km, and simulated strong UV responses of water vapor and HO(x) species in the mesosphere. Consistent with previous 1D model studies, the observed upper mesospheric positive ozone response averaged over +/- 40 was simulated only when the model water vapor concentrations above 75 km were significantly reduced relative to current observations. In agreement with observations, the model computed a low to middle latitude total ozone phase lag of +3 days and a sensitivity of +0.077% per 1% change in 205 nm flux for the 27-day solar variation, and a total ozone sensitivity of +0.27% for the 11-yr solar cycle. This factor of 3 sensitivity difference is indicative of the photochemical time constant for ozone in the lower stratosphere which is comparable to the 27-day solar rotation period but is much shorter than the 11-yr solar cycle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics (ISSN 0021-9169); 57; 4; p. 333-365
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  • 5
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    Sensitivity of two-dimensional model predictions of ozone response to stratospheric aircraft: An update (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) two-dimensional model of stratospheric photochemistry and dynamics has been used to calculate the O3 response to stratospheric aircraft (high-speed civil transport (HSCT)) emissions. The sensitivity of the model O3 response was examined for systematic variations of five parameters and two reaction rates over a wide range, expanding on calculations by various modeling groups for the NASA High Speed Research Program and the World Meteorological Organization. In all, 448 model runs were required to test the effects of variations in the latitude, altitude, and magnetitude of the aircraft emissions perturbation, the background chlorine levels, the background sulfate aerosol surface area densities, and the rates of two key reactions. No deviation from previous conclusions concerning the response of O3 to HSCTs was found in this more exhaustive exploration of parameter space. Maximum O3 depletions occur for high-altitude, low altitude HSCT perturbations. Small increases in global total O3 can occur for low-altitude, high-altitude injections. Decreasing aerosol surface area densities and background chlorine levels increases the sensitivity of model O3 to the HSCT perturbations. The location of the aircraft emissions is the most important determinant of the model response. Response to the location of the HSCT emissions is not changed qualitatively by changes in background chlorine and aerosol loading. The response is also not very sensitive to changes in the rates of the reactions NO + HO2 yields NO2 + OH and HO2 + O3 yields OH + 2O2 over the limits of their respective uncertainties. Finally, levels of lower stratospheric HO(sub x) generally decrease when the HSCT perturbation is included, even though there are large increases in H2O due to the perturbation.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 100; D2; p. 3075-3090
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  • 6
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    Classification of rain regimes by the three-dimensional properties of reflectivity fields (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An automated scheme to characterize precipitation echoes within small windows in the radar field is presented and applied to previously subjectively classified tropical rain cloud systems near Darwin, Australia. The classification parameters are (a) E(sub e), effective efficiency, as determined by cloud-top and cloud-base water vapor saturation mixing ratios; (b) BBF, brightband fraction, as determined by the fraction of the radar echo area in which the maximal reflectivity occurs within +/- 1.5 km of the 0 C isotherm level; and (c) del(sub r) Z, radial reflectivity gradients (dB/km). These classification criteria were applied to tropical rain cloud systems near Darwin, Australia, and to winter convective rain cloud systems in Israel. Both sets of measurements were made with nearly identical networks of C-band radars and rain gauge networks. The results of the application of these objective classification criteria to several independently predetermined rain regimes in Darwin have shown that better organized rain systems have smaller del(sub r) Z and larger BBF. Similarly, smaller del(sub r)Z and larger BBF were also observed from maritime rain cloud systems, as compared to continental rain cloud systems with the same degree of organization. Continental rain cloud system, regardless of their degree of organization, have larger depths, as expressed by E(sub e). The rainfall analyses presented in this study are based exclusively on rain gauge measurements, while radar information was used only to classify the individual gauge measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 34; 1; p. 198-211
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  • 7
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    Effects of broad frequency vibration on cultured osteoblasts (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Bone is subjected in vivo to both high amplitude, low frequency strain, incurred by locomotion, and to low amplitude, broad frequency strain. The biological effects of low amplitude, broad frequency strain are poorly understood. To evaluate the effects of low amplitude strains ranging in frequency from 0 to 50 Hz on osteoblastic function, we seeded MC3T3-E1 cells into collagen gels and applied the following loading protocols for 3 min per day for either 3 or 7 days: (1) sinusoidal strain at 3 Hz, with 0-3000 microstrain peak-to-peak followed by 0.33 s resting time, (2) "broad frequency vibration" of low amplitude strain (standard deviation of 300 microstrain) including frequency components from 0 to 50 Hz, and (3) sinusoidal strain combined with broad frequency vibration (S + V). The cells were harvested on day 4 or 8. We found that the S + V stimulation significantly repressed cell proliferation by day 8. Osteocalcin mRNA was up-regulated 2.6-fold after 7 days of S + V stimulation, and MMP-9 mRNA was elevated 1.3-fold after 3 days of vibration alone. Sinusoidal stimulation alone did not affect the cell responses. No differences due to loading were observed in alkaline phosphatase activity and in mRNA levels of type I collagen, osteopontin, connexin 43, MMPs-1A, -3, -13. These results suggest that osteoblasts are more sensitive to low amplitude, broad frequency strain, and this kind of strain could sensitize osteoblasts to high amplitude, low frequency strain. This suggestion implies a potential contribution of stochastic resonance to the mechanical sensitivity of osteoblasts. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Journal of biomechanics (ISSN 0021-9290); Volume 36; 1; 73-80
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  • 8
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    A study of the threshold method utilizing raingage data (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The threshold method for estimation of area-average rain rate relies on determination of the fractional area where rain rate exceeds a preset level of intensity. Previous studies have shown that the optimal threshold level depends on the climatological rain-rate distribution (RRD). It has also been noted, however, that the climatological RRD may be composed of an aggregate of distributions, one for each of several distinctly different synoptic conditions, each having its own optimal threshold. In this study, the impact of RRD variations on the threshold method is shown in an analysis of 1-min rainrate data from a network of tipping-bucket gauges in Darwin, Australia. Data are analyzed for two distinct regimes: the premonsoon environment, having isolated intense thunderstorms, and the active monsoon rains, having organized convective cell clusters that generate large areas of stratiform rain. It is found that a threshold of 10 mm/h results in the same threshold coefficient for both regimes, suggesting an alternative definition of optimal threshold as that which is least sensitive to distribution variations. The observed behavior of the threshold coefficient is well simulated by assumption of lognormal distributions with different scale parameters and same shape parameters.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 32; 8; p. 1379-1387.
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  • 9
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    Probe impedance measurements for millimeter-wave integrated horn antennas (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: In order to achieve an impedance-matched millimeter-wave integrated horn antenna mixer array, the characteristics of the antenna probes inside the horn must be known. This paper describes impedance measurements for various probes in low-frequency model horns of two different types: (1) a 3 x 3 array made of aluminum by electric discharge machining and (2) a half horn made of copper sheet placed on a big copper-clad circuit board that was used as an image plane. The results of measurements indicate that the presence of the horn increases the effective length of the probe element, in agreement with reports of Guo et al. (1991) and theoretical analysis of Eleftheriades et al. (1991). It was also found that the resonant frequencies can be controlled by changing the length of the probes or by loading the probes.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Microwave and Optical Technology Letters (ISSN 0895-2477); 6; 8; p. 457-461.
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  • 10
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    Chlorine catalyzed destruction of ozone - Implications for ozone variability in the upper stratosphere (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The annual mean and the annual amplitude of ozone have been derived from ozone measurements from the SBUV and SBUV/2 spectrometers on board the Nimbus-7 and NOAA-11 satellites. These values differ significantly from values calculated using a two-dimensional model of stratospheric photochemistry and dynamics with standard chemistry. We have found that the differences between the calculated and data-derived values are considerably improved by changing the partitioning in the Cly family to create a larger reservoir of HCl and reducing ClO. This is accomplished by including a channel for the products HCl + O2 from the reaction ClO + OH in addition to the products Cl + HO2. This partitioning also improves the agreement between the calculated and measured values of ClO/HCl ratio.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 5; p. 351-354.
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