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  • 1
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    Evaluation of the electromechanical properties of the cardiovascular system after prolonged weightlessness (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Devices and techniques for measuring and analyzing systolic time intervals and quantitative phonocardiograms were initiated during Apollo 17. The data show that the systolic time interval from Apollo 17 crewmen remained elevated longer postflight than the response criteria of heart rate, blood pressure, and percent change in leg volume all of which had returned to preflight levels by the second day postflight. Although the systolic time interval values were only slightly outside the preflight fiducial limits, this finding suggested that: the analysis of systolic time intervals may help to identify the mechanisms of postflight orthostatic intolerance by virtue of measuring ventricular function more directly and, the noninvasive technique may prove useful in determining the extent and duration of cardiovascular instability after long duration space flight. The systolic time intervals obtained on the Apollo 17 crewmen during lower body negative pressure were similar to those noted in patients with significant heart disease.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 351-365
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  • 2
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    Vectorcardiographic results from Skylab medical experiment M092: Lower body negative pressure (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Electrocardiographic interval changes suggesting effects of increased vagal tone were observed early in some Gemini crewmembers. Preflight versus postflight amplitude differences appeared in electrocardiograms of several of the early Apollo crewmembers. In preflight and postflight crew evaluations of the last three Apollo flights, quantitative postflight vectorcardiographic changes were for the first time determined in American space crews. Changes not considered related to heart rate were mainly those of increased P and QRS vector magnitudes and orientation shifts. But since most of these postflight findings resembled those observed with the orthostatic stress of lower body negative pressure, it was inferred then that upon their return from space, these Apollo astronauts exhibited exaggerated responses to orthostasis in the vectorcardiogram as well as in measures of cardiovascular hemodynamics.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 313-323
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  • 3
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    Lower body negative pressure: Third manned Skylab mission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The objective of the Skylab Lower Body Negative Pressure experiment was to determine the extent and the time course of changes in orthostatic tolerance during the weightlessness of space flight and to determine whether in-flight data from the experiment would be useful in predicting the postflight status of orthostatic tolerance. Compared to preflight results, lower body negative pressure produced exaggerated blood pressure and heart rate responses during the first in-flight test of the Skylab 2 crewmen and showed no clear-cut trend toward preflight levels during the 28-day flight. During the second manned mission, Skylab 3, similar exaggeration of blood pressure and heart rate responses occurred during the first in-flight test. Again no definite trend toward preflight values could be seen during the first 28 days but cardiovascular responses to lower body negative pressure appeared to become more stable by the sixth to eighth week of flight. In general, the test results in-flight served to predict quite well the orthostatic tolerance of the individual crewmen in the immediate postflight period.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 284-312
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  • 4
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    Skylab experiment M-092 - Results of the first manned mission (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Blood pressure, heart rate, and percentage increase in leg volume were continuously recorded for the Inflight Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) experiment conducted during the first manned Skylab mission. Data were collected over a 5-month preflight period as well as at approximately 3-day intervals throughout the mission. Individual variations in cardiovascular responses to LBNP during the preflight period continued to be demonstrated inflight, and measurements of the calf showed that a large volume of fluid was shifted out of the legs early in the flight. A much greater increase in leg volume occurred during inflight LBNP than in preflight tests. Resting heart rates tended to be low early in the flight and to increase slightly as it progressed, while resting blood pressure varied. The LBNP protocol was a greater stress inflight, and the tests had to be stopped early on three occasions due to impending syncopal reactions. Inflight LBNP responses seemed to predict the degree of postflight orthostatic intolerance. Postflight responses to LBNP during the first 48 hours were characterized by marked elevations in heart rate, instability in blood pressure, and considerably elevated systolic and diastolic pressures both at rest and during stress.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 5
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    Pre- and postflight systolic time intervals during LBNP - The second manned Skylab mission (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Before and after the 59 day Skylab 3 flight, the astronauts were stressed with lower body negative pressure (LBNP), and their vectorcardiograms, pneumograms, phonocardiograms, and carotid pulse tracings were monitored together with the intervals of systole. In the immediate postflight period elevations in heart rate and blood pressure were observed in response to -50 mm Hg of LBNP. Postflight abnormalities in the systolic time intervals (STI) at rest and during stress were due to an increase in afterload and a decrease in preload. As blood volume was restored and blood pressure reduced, STI abnormalities persisted as long as one month, suggesting a possible reduction in ventricular contractility and/or a functional impairment to venous return.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 6
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    Lower body negative pressure - The second manned Skylab mission (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of orthostatic evaluations of the crew of Skylab 3 with lower body negative pressure (LBNP) stress tests during their 59-d mission are reported. Except for an inflight increase (rather than a decrease) in resting heart rates, results were essentially parallel to those observed in crewmen of the shorter Skylab 2 mission. Exaggerated elevations in heart rate and decreases in pulse pressure during LBNP stress inflight and immediately postflight corresponded to lowered orthostatic tolerance. Large decrements is resting calf size inflight and in total leg volume postflight indicated significant headward fluid shifts as had already been seen in the Skylab 2 crewmen. In addition, decreases in calf circumference gave no certain indication of a plateau over the 59 d inflight. Percentage volume increase in calf size during LBNP stress inflight was greater than those in either preflight or postflight tests.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 7
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    Evaluation of the electromechanical properties of the cardiovascular system (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Cardiovascular electromechanical measurements were collected on returning Skylab crewmembers at rest and during both lower body negative pressure and exercise stress testing. These data were compared with averaged responses from multiple preflight tests. Systolic time intervals and first heart sound amplitude changes were measured. Clinical cardiovascular examinations and clinical phonocardiograms were evaluated. All changes noted returned to normal within 30 days postflight so that the processes appear to be transient and self limited. The cardiovascular system seems to adapt quite readily to zero-g, and more importantly it is capable of readaptation to one-g after long duration space flight. Repeated exposures to zero-g also appear to have no detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Proc. of the Skylab Life Sci. Symp., Vol. 2; p 681-709
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  • 8
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    Vectorcardiographic results from Skylab medical experiment M092: Lower body negative pressure (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Vectorcardiograms were recorded via a modified Frank lead system from all crewmen of the three Skylab missions in conjuction with the Lower Body Negative Pressure - M092 Experiment. Data were analyzed by a specially developed computer program (VECTAN). Design of the test sequences allowed direct comparisons of supine resting, Earth based (reference) vectorcardiograms with those taken during lower body negative pressure stress and those obtained at rest in orbit, as well as combinations of these conditions. Results revealed several statistically significant space flight related changes; namely, increased testing and lower body negative pressure stressed heart rates, modestly increased PR interval and corrected QTC interval, and greatly increased P and QPS loop maximal amplitudes. In addition, orientation changes in the QRS maximum vector and the J-vector at rest in space seem quite consistent among crewmen and different from those caused by the application of lower body negative pressure. No clinical abnormalities were observed. Etiology of these findings is conjectured to be, at least in part, related to fluid mass shifts occurring in weightlessness and attendant alterations in cardiovascular dynamics and myocardial autonomic control mechanisms.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Proc. of the Skylab Life Sci. Symp., Vol. 2; p 597-621
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  • 9
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    Lower body negative pressure: Third manned Skylab mission (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The crew of the Skylab 4 Mission exhibited physiological changes during their 84-day mission that resembled but in several important areas did not reach the magnitude of changes exhibited in crewmen of the two earlier Skylab flights. At rest all three crewmen showed, in comparison to preflight levels, elevated mean systolic and pulse pressures and decreased mean diastolic and mean arterial pressures. Similar changes were seen in most Skylab 2 and Skylab 3 crewmen. While mean resting heart rates of both the Skylab 3 and Skylab 4 crews were elevated, those of the Skylab 2 crew were, however, lower than during preflight tests. Stressed heart rates followed previous patterns in being consistently elevated over preflight values. Postflight changes in cardiovascular parameters for the most part resembled those seen in previous crewmen of space missions. Their recovery to preflight limits occurred rapidly. In-flight data and subjective impressions of the crewmen confirmed that lower body negative pressure in weightlessness imposed a greater stress upon the cardiovascular system than in earth's gravity.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Proc. of the Skylab Life Sci. Symp., Vol. 2; p 545-595
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  • 10
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    Acquisition system for biomedical data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Multifunctional biomedical data-acquisition system monitors cardiovascular and pulmonary performance of patient in real time.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES
    Type: MSC-16144 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 2; 2; P. 3
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