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  • 1
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    Burst detection capability of the Mars Observer gamma-ray spectrometer (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper describes the gamma-ray burst detection capability of the gamma-ray spectrometer on board the Mars Observer spacecraft. The instrument is designed to respond to significant bursts by suspending its observation of the Martian surface in favor of optimizing the collection of pre-burst, burst, and post-burst data. The results are expected to contribute to our understanding of gamma-ray bursts through a high energy resolution search for line emission, by the examination of spectral shapes and by comprising one leg of an arrival time network to determine the direction of origin.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 353-358.
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  • 2
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    Use of Spectralon as a diffuse reflectance standard for in-flight calibration of earth-orbiting sensors (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Spectralon, a commercially available diffuse reflectance material made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), is being evaluated for the multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR), currently under development for the Earth Observing System. Results of a series of environmental exposure tests indicate that no degradation of the optical properties was apparent following proton bombardment, and stability through UV illumination was satisfactory, provided simple cleaning and handling procedures were implemented. A buildup of several thousand volts of static charge was found to develop while simulating a rare pass through an auroral storm.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 32; 4; p. 805-814.
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  • 3
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    Ultraviolet stability and contamination analysis of Spectralon diffuse reflectance material (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A detailed chemical analysis was carried out on Spectralon, a highly Lambertian, diffuse reflectance material. Results of this investigation unambiguously identified the presence of an organic (hydrocarbon) impurity intrinsic to the commercial material. This impurity could be removed by a vacuum bake-out procedure and was identified as the cause of optical changes (degradation) that occur in the material when exposed to UV light. It was found that when this impurity was removed, the Spectralon material was photochemically stable and maintained its reflectance properties even after extensive solar UV exposure.
    Keywords: OPTICS
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 32; 4; p. 799-804.
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  • 4
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    The low-energy, charge-transfer excited states of 4-amino-4-prime-nitrodiphenyl sulfide (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Absorption and emission spectra of 4-amino-4-prime-nitrodiphenyl sulfide in polar and nonpolar solvents were used to characterize and assign the low-energy excited states of the molecule. Fluorescence-excitation anisotropy spectra and fluorescence quantum yields were also used to characterize the photophysics of these states. The lowest-energy fluorescent singlet state was determined to be an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state involving transfer of a full electron charge from the amino to the nitro group yielding a dipole moment of about 50 D. A low-energy, intense absorption band is assigned as a transition to a different ICT state involving a partial electron charge transfer from sulfur to the nitro group.
    Keywords: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Chemical Physics (ISSN 0021-9606); 97; 6, Se; 4018-402
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  • 5
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    Reflectance stability analysis of Spectralon diffuse calibration panels (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) plans to use deployable diffuse reflectance panels to provide periodic radiometric calibrations of its nine cameras while in-flight. Near-Lambertian reflectance characteristics are desirable to facilitate flat-field camera intercomparisons. Also required is panel spatial and spectral uniformity, and stability with time. Spectralon, a commercially available polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) compound, has been baselined in the MISR design. To assess the suitability of this material, a series of degradation tests were planned and implemented. These included UV vacuum exposure and proton bombardment tests which simulated the exposure levels to be encountered during the mission life. Proton levels are now considered too low to be of concern, but UV vacuum tests demonstrate sensitivity to material contamination. Material investigations have concluded that hydrocarbons are present in the bulk of the material, and that plastic packaging materials can introduce additional surface-layer contamination. It is found however, that these unwanted elements can be eliminated through vacuum pumping at elevated temperatures. Exposure to a UV source, while in vacuum, is again planned for a set of targets which have been vacuum baked. This will assess the stability of the pure PTFE form.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: In: Calibration of passive remote observing optical and microwave instrumentation; Proceedings of the Meeting, Orlando, FL, Apr. 3-5, 1991 (A93-23575 07-19); p. 132-142.
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  • 6
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    Stabilization requirements for operational meteorological satellites (1966)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-10-26
    Description: Stabilization requirements for operational meteorological satellites
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
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  • 7
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    METEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF NIMBUS DATA (1962)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-10-26
    Description: Nimbus satellite - meteorological applications - delineation of ice packs and mapping of snow fields - heat balance and data transmission
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
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  • 8
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    Atmospheric measurements at Mars via gamma ray spectroscopy (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper describes three methods for measuring the Martian atmosphere using gamma ray spectroscopy. One method determines atmospheric thickness based on the energy-dependent differential attenuation of gamma-ray line pairs from a common element. Another makes a direct determination based on measurements of the line flux generated in the atmosphere, requires knowledge of the concentration of the component being used. The third, which makes use of a single line emitted from the surface where its flux can be established. The effects of stratigraphy on the differential attenuation method are studied, and calculations are reported which show that the measurement of atmospheric argon will be a sensitive indicator of the atmospheric fractionation accompanying CO2 precipitation in south polar regions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 14695-14
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  • 9
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    Reactivity of seventeen- and nineteen-valence electron complexes in organometallic chemistry (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A guideline to the reactivity of 17- and 19-valence electron species in organometallic chemistry is proposed which the authors believe will supersede all others. The thesis holds that the reactions of 17-electron metal radicals are associatively activated with reactions proceeding through a 19-valence electron species. The disparate reaction chemistry of the 17-electron metal radicals are unified in terms of this associative reaction pathway, and the intermediacy of 19-valence electron complexes in producing the observed products is discussed. It is suggested that related associatively activated pathways need to be considered in some reactions that are thought to occur by more conventional routes involving 16- and 18-electron intermediates. The basic reaction chemistry and electronic structures of these species are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
    Type: Comments on Inorganic Chemistry (ISSN 0260-3594); 5; 5, 19; 215-245
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  • 10
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    Identification of lunar rock types and search for polar ice by gamma ray spectroscopy (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper examines the possibility of mapping the surface composition of the moon from an orbiting spin-stabilized spacecraft, using gamma ray spectroscopy and a cooled germanium solid-state device as a detector. A design for accommodating the germanium detector gamma ray spectrometer was devised, and the detection sensitivity was applied to typical lunar-rock compositions. For sets comprising nine highland and 16 mare types, the most useful elements were found to be Mg, Al, K, Ti, Fe, U, and Th. An analysis of the expected instrument response to the gamma ray and neutron fluxes of water ice indicated that a neutron mode added to the spectrometer will be more sensitive than the gamma ray mode to the possible presence of polar ice. It was calculated that, with a pair of selected neutron absorbers and a model which provides that 2.5 percent of the area above 75-deg latitude is occupied by trapping sites, the instrument will provide a 1-yr mission detection limit of 0.056 percent H2O by weight for each polar region.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 449-460
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