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  • 1
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    The variations of CO and O3 concentrations in a region subject to biomass burning (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) concentrations have been observed in the Brazilian Amazon region, at a site strongly affected by biomass burning (Cuiaba, 16 deg S, 58 deg W). Time variations are described for the first long-term program of studying the effect of biomass burning on O3 and CO over a complete seasonal cycle, including the seasonal maxima of 1987 and 1988. In order to obtain elements for comparison, an identical observational program was maintained at a site totally outside of the direct influence of biomass burning (Natal, 6 deg S, 35 deg W). The biomass burning contribution to the Cuiaba concentrations of CO and O3 is very large. Diurnal maxima concentrations exceeded 90 ppbv O3 in 1987 and 120 ppbv O3 in 1988, in September. For the wet season, the monthly average ozone concentration in March-April is about 10 ppbv. During the month of maxima, September, the O3 concentration average was 41 ppbv for 1987 and 71 ppbv for 1988. The CO concentrations are about 90 ppbv in the wet season. In September, 460 ppbv and 660 ppbv of CO were observed for 1987 and 1988, respectively. At Natal the seasonal variation is of the order of a factor of 2. During the wet season, the concentrations of CO and O3 at both stations are about the same.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 7521-753
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  • 2
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    Atmospheric lifetime and annual release estimates for CFCl3 and CF2Cl2 from 5 years of ALE data (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: CFCl3 and CF2Cl2 data for the 5-year period from July 1978-June 1983 are analyzed. The lifetime estimates are updated using the trend technique and the annual global release rates of the gases are derived. The effects of release uncertainties on lifetime estimates are examined by studying fluorocarbon data. It is observed that in 1981 the mixing ratios for CFCl3 and CF2Cl2 displayed increases of 8.8. and 15.3 pptv/year respectively, and the trend lifetime for CFCl13 is 74 + 31 or - 17 years and for CF2Cl2 111 + 222 or - 44 years.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 10797-10
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  • 3
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    Spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric N2O and halocarbon concentrations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 56-58
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  • 4
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    Causes of increasing atmospheric methane - Depletion of hydroxyl radicals and the rise of emissions (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A combination of anthropogenic activities and a possible decline of global concentrations for the hydroxyl radicals that formerly removed methane from the atmosphere are cited as potential causes for the 1.3 percent/year rise of atmospheric methane levels. Calculations are presented which show that much of the methane increase over the last 200 years is probably to be divided among the two main sources in the proportions of 70 percent for anthropogenic generation and 30 percent for hydroxyl radical depletion. It is projected that in 20 years, average tropospheric concentrations of methane may be about 20 percent greater than 1980 levels. The current abundance of hydroxyl radicals may be 20 percent less than two centuries ago.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Environment (ISSN 0004-6981); 19; 397-407
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  • 5
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    The Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment. II - Calibration (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The calibration standards used in the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment (ALE) for CFCl3, CF2Cl2, CH3CCl3, and CCl4 are described. This includes the preparation of the primary standards by static dilution and their propagation and stability for the period 1977-1982. Two independent assessments of the absolute concentrations of the primary standards used to initiate the ALE measurements in 1977-1978 are reported. For consistency in the ALE program the values assigned to the primary standards and subsequent working standards used in the field were not altered during the experiment when results of better estimates of the original concentration values were obtained. Rather, the appropriate factors by which the ALE mixing ratios for a given species should be multiplied to obtain the best estimate of the current concentration of a given species, are provided.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Oct. 20
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  • 6
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    Long term trend of selected halogenated hydrocarbons (1994)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The so-called 'Library of Background Air' at the Oregon Graduate Institute was used to determine the trend in volume mixing ratios of selected halogenated hydrocarbons in the time period 1977-1989. This library consists of background air samples most of them taken at Cape Meares (Oregon). For storage stainless steel containers are used. Tests have shown the gases under consideration to be stable in these containers. Analyses using a GC/MS-system were performed for the CFCs 11, 12, 12B1 (HALON 1211, CBrClF2), 22, 113, 114 and CH3Cl, CH3Br, CH3CCl3, CCl4. The advantage of this unique investigation: different aged air samples are analyzed at the same time with the same instrument. No calibrations or intercalibrations are needed. All data are presented in normalized mixing ratios versus time. We discuss the results, derive rate constants and present a formula to describe the nonlinear increases.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Part 1; p 259-262
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Interlaboratory comparison of fluorocarbons-11, -12, methylchloroform and nitrous oxide measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements conducted by 19 participating laboratories were considered in the reported interlaboratory comparison study. The results show that there is considerable disagreement among laboratories regarding the absolute concentrations of all four trace gases (CCl3F, CCl2F2, H3CCl3, N2O). The magnitude of this disagreement is discussed. Laboratories in Group II showed considerable disagreement among themselves. Their results were scattered within large intervals of concentration. Laboratories in Group I (using common standards) were in excellent (+ or - 5%) agreement among themselves. A systematic disagreement was noted between Groups I and II laboratories. Generally, the mean values of concentrations determined from the measurements of Group II laboratories were lower than the mean values reported by Group I laboratories.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Atmospheric Environment; 15; 9, 19; 1981
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  • 8
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    Interlaboratory calibration of atmospheric nitrous oxide measurements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Samples representative of Northern Hemispheric conditions in mid-1976 were analyzed by 11 laboratories to resolve the question of the absolute tropospheric concentration of nitrous oxide. The laboratories all employed electron capture-gas chromatography for the analysis. After exclusion of one anomalously low determination, the calibration results showed a mean concentration of 323.5 + or - 8.7 ppb v/v nitrous oxide.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; May 1978
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  • 9
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    Nitrous oxide measurements in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper considers nitrous oxide measurements in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. The concentration of N2O in the marine air showed a direct relationship to the N2O in the surface sea water, with the highest N2O mixing ratios over highly supersaturated regions; water samples were also collected down to depths of 300 m at seven hydrocast stations. The stations showed two distribution patterns for N2O concentration vs depth for the region between the surface and 300 m; two stations in the oxygen deficient region off the coast of Peru showed considerable N2O super-saturation at all depths, and results indicate that the role of N2O in the nitrogen cycle of the ocean may be more complex than previously suggested.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Tellus; 32; Feb. 198
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    An intercomparison of carbon monoxide measurement techniques (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results from an intercomparison of techniques to measure tropospheric levels of carbon monoxide (CO) are discussed. The intercomparison was conducted as part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) and was held at Wallops Island, VA, in July 1983. Instruments intercompared included a laser differential absorption method and three grab sample/gas chromatograph methods. The intercomparison consisted of simultaneous measurements of ambient levels of CO and controlled injections of CO from a common manifold. Results from the techniques exhibited a high degree of correlation among themselves and with changes in the CO mixing ratio. The results suggested a level of agreement among the techniques of about 15 percent. However, a day-to-day bias between the techniques was observed, which resulted in differences between techniques as large as 38 percent.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 12
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