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  • 1
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    An integrated view of the chemistry and mineralogy of martian soils (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The mineralogical and elemental compositions of the martian soil are indicators of chemical and physical weathering processes. Using data from the Mars Exploration Rovers, we show that bright dust deposits on opposite sides of the planet are part of a global unit and not dominated by the composition of local rocks. Dark soil deposits at both sites have similar basaltic mineralogies, and could reflect either a global component or the general similarity in the compositions of the rocks from which they were derived. Increased levels of bromine are consistent with mobilization of soluble salts by thin films of liquid water, but the presence of olivine in analysed soil samples indicates that the extent of aqueous alteration of soils has been limited. Nickel abundances are enhanced at the immediate surface and indicate that the upper few millimetres of soil could contain up to one per cent meteoritic material.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); Volume 436; 7047; 49-54
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  • 2
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    The Athena Raman Spectrometer (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Raman spectroscopy provides a powerful tool for in situ mineralogy, petrology, and detection of water and carbon. The Athena Raman spectrometer is a microbeam instrument intended for close-up analyses of targets (rock or soils) selected by the Athena Pancam and Mini-TES. It will take 100 Raman spectra along a linear traverse of approximately one centimeter (point-counting procedure) in one to four hours during the Mars' night. From these spectra, the following information about the target will extracted: (1) the identities of major, minor, and trace mineral phases, organic species (e.g., PAH or kerogen-like polymers), reduced inorganic carbon, and water-bearing phases; (2) chemical features (e.g. Mg/Fe ratio) of major minerals; and (3) rock textural features (e.g., mineral clusters, amygdular filling and veins). Part of the Athena payload, the miniaturized Raman spectrometer has been under development in a highly interactive collaboration of a science team at Washington University and the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and an engineering team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The development has completed the brassboard stage and has produced the design for the engineering model.
    Keywords: Instrumentation and Photography
    Type: Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration; Part 2; 304-305; LPI-Contrib-1062-Pt-2
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Lunar resources - Toward living off the lunar land (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An overview is presented of possibilities for the exploitation of lunar materials already proven to exist by Apollo experience. It is noted that lunar soils contain various materials required for life support, construction, and transportation, but that the high cost of lifting material from the earth's surface suggests that, in the near term, lunar material should be considered for use both on the moon and in LEO. Lunar water production, farming, propellant production, and the production of glass, iron, aluminum, and silicon to be used in lunar construction are discussed. The role of solar power and the possibility of electrolysis of molten silicate as a means of producing oxygen and metals for use on the moon and in near-earth space are examined. The benefits of immediate investment in developmental technology (given extensive project lead times) are stressed.
    Keywords: GROUND SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND FACILITIES (SPACE)
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Resource availability at Taurus-Littrow (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Early lunar technologies will probably use a common lunar material as ore. They will be robust to minor fluctuations in feedstock composition and will not require appreciable feedstock beneficiation such as rock grinding or mineral concentration. Technologies using unprocessed soil and indifferent to its composition will have the advantage. Nevertheless, the size and grade of the ore body must be confirmed for even the most indiscriminate process. Simple uses such as heaping unprocessed lunar soil for thermal insulation or radiation shielding onto a habitat require that we know the depth of the regolith, the size distributions of its soils, the locations of large boulders, and the ease of excavation. Costs of detailed site surveys trade against restrictions on site selection and conservative engineering design to accommodate unknown conditions of a poorly explored site. Given the above considerations, we consider briefly some abundant lunar materials, their proposed uses, and technologies for their preparation, with particular attention to the Taurus-Littrow site.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Workshop on Geology of the Apollo 17 Landing Site; p 9-14
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  • 5
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    Lunar oxygen and metal for use in near-Earth space: Magma electrolysis (1990)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Because it is energetically easier to get material from the Moon to Earth orbit than from the Earth itself, the Moon is a potentially valuable source of materials for use in space. The unique conditions on the Moon, such as vacuum, absence of many reagents common on the Earth, and the presence of very nontraditional ores suggest that a unique and nontraditional process for extracting materials from the ores may prove the most practical. With this in mind, an investigation of unfluxed silicate electrolysis as a method for extracting oxygen, iron, and silicon from lunar regolith was initiated and is discussed. The advantages of the process include simplicity of concept, absence of need to supply reagents from Earth, and low power and mass requirements for the processing plant. Disadvantages include the need for uninterrupted high temperature and the highly corrosive nature of the high-temperature silicate melts which has made identifying suitable electrode and container materials difficult.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Arizona Univ., NASA Space Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Local Planetary Resources; 9 p
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  • 6
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    Lunar resources: Toward living off the lunar land (1990)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The following topics are addressed: (1) lunar resources and surface conditions; (2) guidelines for early lunar technologies; (3) the lunar farm; (4) the lunar filling station; (5) lunar construction materials; (6) the lunar power company; (7) the electrolysis of molten silicate as a means of producing oxygen and metals for use on the Moon and in near-Earth space.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Arizona Univ., NASA Space Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Local Planetary Resources; 15 p
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  • 7
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    Oxygen production by electrolysis of molten lunar regolith (1990)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The goal of this study was threefold. First, the theoretical energy requirements of the process were to be defined. This includes studies of the relevant oxidation-reduction reactions in the melt, their kinetics and energies of reaction, and experimental determination of production efficiencies and melt resistivities as functions of melt composition and applied potential. Second, the product(s) of silicate electrolysis were to be characterized. This includes: (1) evaluating the phase relationships in the systems SiO2-TiO2-Al2O3-MgO-FeO-CaO and Fe-Si; (2) estimating the compositions of the metal products as a function of applied potential and feedstock composition based on phase equilibria in the Fe-Si system and free energy values for SiO2 and FeO reported in the literature; (3) definition of compositions of products in actual experiments; and (4) definition of the form the product takes (whether phases separate or remain fixed, whether crystals settle or float in the remaining melt, and how large crystals form). Third, materials for these highly corrosive high-temperature silicate melts were to be identified. This includes identifing materials that may be either inert or thermodynamically stable in these melts, and experimental testing of the materials to confirm that they do not deteriorate. The results are discussed within this framework.
    Keywords: INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
    Type: Arizona Univ., NASA Space Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Local Planetary Resources; 10 p
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  • 8
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    Some lessons from Apollo for a sampling strategy on Mars for understanding the origin of the ancient igneous crust and the composition of the mantle (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Proper site selection for sample collection is crucial to determining the nature and time scales of major events on Mars. Analysis and interpretation of lunar samples acquired by the Apollo lunar missions provides valuable experience on the effects of site selection. Lunar selection techniques are briefly examined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Workshop on Mars Sample Return Science; p 104-105
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  • 9
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    Cement and concrete (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: To produce lunar cement, high-temperature processing will be required. It may be possible to make calcium-rich silicate and aluminate for cement by solar heating of lunar pyroxene and feldspar, or chemical treatment may be required to enrich the calcium and aluminum in lunar soil. The effects of magnesium and ferrous iron present in the starting materials and products would need to be evaluated. So would the problems of grinding to produce cement, mixing, forming in vacuo and low gravity, and minimizing water loss.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center, Space Resources. Volume 3: Materials; p 295-297
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  • 10
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    Glass and ceramics (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A variety of glasses and ceramics can be produced from bulk lunar materials or from separated components. Glassy products include sintered regolith, quenched molten basalt, and transparent glass formed from fused plagioclase. No research has been carried out on lunar material or close simulants, so properties are not known in detail; however, common glass technologies such as molding and spinning seem feasible. Possible methods for producing glass and ceramic materials are discussed along with some potential uses of the resulting products.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center, Space Resources. Volume 3: Materials; p 291-294
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