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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 54 (1967), S. 51-52 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 63 (1975), S. 473-475 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The mycotoxin patulin can be determined semi-quantitatively on thinlayer chromatograms after spraying with o-dianisidine in glacial acetic acid with the help of a standard curve because the square root of the area of the spot is a linear function of the logarithm of the weight of the toxin.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Mycotoxin Patulin kann auf Dünnschichtchromatogrammen nach Besprühen mit o-Dianisidin in Eisessig an Hand einer Eichkurve halbquantitativ bestimmt werden, da Linearität zwischen der Quadratwurzel der Fleckenfläche und dem Logarithmus des Gewichts des aufgetragenen Toxins besteht.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fermentation activity of baker's yeast (measured by the amount of produced CO2) is inhibited by 100µg/ml and 10µg/ml aflatoxin B1, and by 100µg/ml and 10µg/ml diacetoxyscirpenol. Lower concentrations of these mycotoxins as well as of rubratoxin B enhance the fermentation. Only 0.001µg/ml aflatoxin B1, 0.00001µg/ml diacetoxyscirpenol and 0.01µg/ml rubratoxin B are without effect or slightly inhibitory. Patulin in all concentrations tested does not influence the CO2 production significantly. Cytochemical studies show that the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is inhibited by 100µg/ml and enhanced by 1µg/ml and 0.1µg/ml aflatoxin B1. It is suggested that the influence of at least aflatoxin B1 on the fermentation activity of the yeast cells is due to an interaction with alcohol dehydrogenase. It is possible that the activity of other enzymes of yeast is also influenced by mycotoxins.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe cytochemischer Methoden wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Konzentrationen von Aflatoxin B1 (100 ppm, 10 ppm, 0 ppm) auf die Enzyme Succinat-Dehydrogenase, L (+)-Lactat: NAD-Oxydoreduktase, Alkohol-Dehydrogenase, L-Isocitrat: NAD-Oxydoreduktase, Malat dehydrierendes Enzym (NAD als Akzeptor), NADPH2-Cytochrom c-Reduktase, Cytochromoxydase und saure Phosphatase des PilzesMucor hiemalis untersucht. Succinat-Dehydrogenase, Alkohol-Dehydrogenase, L-Isocitrat: NAD-Oxydoreduktase und saure Phosphatase wurden bereits durch 10 ppm des Mycotoxins in ihren Aktivitäten vermindert. Atypische Sporenkeimung und verringerter Durchmesser der Hyphen waren die äußeren Kennzeichen der Aflatoxin B1-Intoxikation. Die Ähnlichkeit des Eingriffs von Aflatoxin B1 in den Stoffwechsel der Leber junger Enten und in denjenigen von Zellen vonMucor hiemalis wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Investigations of the influence of aflatoxin B1 on the morphology and the cytochemically detectable activities of some enzymes ofMucor hiemalis (Mucorales). Using cytochemical methods the influence of various concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (100 ppm 10 ppm, 0 ppm) on the enzymes succinic dehydrogenase, L(+)-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, alcohol dehydrogenase, L-isocitrate: NAD oxidoreductase, malate dehydrogenating enzyme (NAD as acceptor), NADPH2: cytochrome reductase, cytochrome oxidase and acid phosphatase of the fungusMucor hiemalis was investigated. The activity of succinic dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, L-isocitrate: NAD oxidoreductase and acid phosphatase was reduced by the addition of only 10 ppm of the mycotoxin. The morphological symptoms of aflatoxin B1 intoxication were atypical germination of the spores and reduced diameter of the hyphae. The similarity between the interference of aflatoxin B1 with metabolism in the liver of ducklings and that of the cells ofMucor hiemalis is the subject of discussion.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 1 (1975), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The optimal temperature for the growth ofAspergillus parasiticus and the formation of aflatoxins B1 and G1 on whole wheat bread (sliced and packed) was 25°C. The optimal “total acid content” (Säuregrad) was 5.0. Incubation in light caused no reduction in aflatoxin yields. The optimal temperature for the growth ofPenicillium expansum on whole wheat bread was 10°C and was between 20° and 25°C for the biosynthesis of patulin. Patulin formation was not influenced by the “total acid content” but was greater under the influence of light than darkness. With increase of incubation time the yields of patulin decreased, probably due to an inactivation by SH-compounds.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 9 (1967), S. 281-299 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verschiedene Nachweisverfahren für Cytochromoxydase und Peroxydase wurden an den Pilzen Neurospora crassa, Oospora lactis und Saccharomyces cerevisiae getestet und die jeweils beste zur Zeit verfügbare Methode ermittelt. Zur cytochemischen Lokalisation der Cytochromoxydase (E.C. 1.9.3.1) ist das Amin-Amin-Verfahren von Burstone (1960) mit den Reaktionspartnern p-Aminodiphenylamin und Variaminblau B (p-Methoxy-p′-aminodiphenylamin) zu empfehlen, wobei die optimale Inkubationszeit bei allen Pilzen 30 min beträgt. Die braunroten Reaktionsprodukte sind im Cytoplasma aller Pilze gleichmäßig verteilt. Eine Nachbehandlung der Präparate in Cobaltacetat-Lösung (Burstone, 1960) sowie die Zwischenschaltung einer Behandlung mit Lugolscher Lösung (Butcher u. Mitarb., 1964) verbesserten das Reaktionsbild nur unwesentlich. Eine in vitro und in vivo nachgewiesene geringe Fettlöslichkeit des Reaktionsproduktes erlaubt keine exakte Lokalisation der Enzymaktivität. Kontrolluntersuchungen bestätigen die Spezifität der Nachweisreaktion. Bei Einsatz von Aminen, Phenolen und der Zink-Leuko-Methode zum Nachweis der Peroxydase erwies sich lediglich 3-Amino-9-äthylcarbazol (Graham u. Mitarb., 1965) als brauchbar. Nach der optimalen Inkubationszeit von 60 min enthalten alle Zellen distinkte, kleine, runde Granula, die im Cytoplasma gleichmäßig verteilt sind. Auch hier erschwert eine gewisse Fettlöslichkeit des Reaktionsproduktes eine exakte intrazelluläre Enzymlokalisation. Da N. crassa und S. cerevisiae gleichzeitig eine Peroxydase (E.C. 1.11.1.7) und eine Cytochrom c-Peroxydase (E.C. 1.11.1.5) besitzen, kann nicht gesagt werden, ob nur eines der beiden Enzyme oder ob beide gleichzeitig mit vorliegender Methode nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Summary Different methods for the detection of cytochrome oxidase and peroxidase were tested in the fungi Neurospora crassa, Oospora lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in order to find out the best technique. The two-amine-method of Burstone (1960) (p-aminodiphenylamine + p-methoxy-p′-aminodiphenylamine) is recommended for the localization of cytochrome oxidase (E.C. 1.9.3.1) whereby the optimal incubation period in all fungi is 30 minutes. The reaction products are always round-shaped and equally distributed in the cytoplasm. A postincubation of the preparations in a cobalt acetate solution (Burstone, 1960) or a treatment in Lugol's iodine (Butcher et al., 1964) give no remarkably better results. A low solubility of the reaction product in lipid substances, as detected in vitro and in vivo, however does not allow any exact intracellular localization of the enzyme activity. Testing amines, phenols and the zinc-leuco method for the detection of peroxidase, only the method of Graham et al. (1965) proves to be useful. After an optimal incubation period of 60 minutes all cells show distinct, small, round-shaped deposits that are equally distributed throughout the cytoplasm of all fungi. A certain lipid solubility of the reaction product makes an exact enzyme localization difficult. As N. crassa and S. cerevisiae simultaneously possess a normal peroxidase (E.C. 1.11.1.7) and a cytochrome c-peroxidase (E.C. 1.11.1.5) it cannot be decided whether the technique evaluates only one enzyme or both types of peroxidase.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Zellen vonSaccharomyces cerevisiae lassen sich mit Hilfe des Tetrazoliumsalzes Nitro-BT cytochemisch nachweisen: 1. eineProlin-Dehydrogenasen-Aktivität, wobei nicht entschieden werden kann, ob die Formazanbildung durch L-Prolin: NAD(P)-2-Oxydoreduktase(E.C. 1.5.1.1) oder durch L-Prolin: NAD(P)-5-Oxydoreduktase(E.C. 1.5.1.2) hervorgerufen wird; 2. eineAldehyd-Dehydrogenasen-Aktivität: durch Einsatz der Coenzyme NAD und NADP sowie der Aktivatoren KCl und MgCl2 erhält man unterschiedliche Reaktionsbilder, so daß die Annahme gerechtfertigt erscheint, daß hiermit Aldehyd: NADP-Oxydoreduktase(E.C. 1.2.1.4) und Aldehyd: NAD(P)-Oxydoreduktase (E.C. 1.2.1.5) getrennt nachweisbar sind; 3. dieDihydroliponsäure-Dehydrogenase (NAD-H2:Lipoamid-Oxydoreduktase, E.C. 1.6.4.3): bei diesem Enzymnachweis ist eine exakte Einstellung des pH-Wertes des Mediums auf 6,0 die Voraussetzung für die Spezifität. Die Bildung länglicher Formazanablagerungen in den meisten Zellen deutet auf die mitochondriale Lokalisation des Enzyms hin.
    Notes: Summary Using the tetrazolium salt Nitro-BT, the following dehydrogenases can be demonstrated cytochemically in the cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae: (1)Proline dehydrogenase activity: it cannot be decided whether the formazan production is a result of L-proline: NAD(P)-2-oxidoreductase (E.C. 1.5.1.1) or of L-proline:NAD(P)-5-oxidoreductase(E.C. 1.5.1.2); (2)Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity: using the coenzymes NAD and NADP and the activators KCl and MgCl2, different reaction pictures are obtained which led to the conclusion that aldehyde: NADP oxidoreductase (E.C. 1.2.1.4) and aldehyde: NAD(P) oxidoreductase (E.C. 1.2.1 5) can be demonstrated seperately; (3)Dihydrolipoic dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.6.4.3): an exactly controlled pH level (pH 6.0) of the complete incubation medium is an essential prerequisite for the specificity of the reaction. The formation of filamentous formazan deposits can be interpreted as the expression of the mitochondrial localization of the enzyme.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 18 (1969), S. 12-23 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Anwendbarkeit der Tetrazoliumsalz-Methode (Lojda, 1965) und der Brom-naphthyl-glykosid-Methode (Cohen u. Mitarb., 1952; Rutenburg u. Mitarb., 1958, 1960) zum cytochemischen Nachweis von β-Galactosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.23), α-Glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.20) und β-Glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.21) in den Zellen der Pilze Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus oryzae und Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Vorkultur auf Nährböden mit Zusätzen von Enzyminduktoren) wurde untersucht. In allen Fällen waren die TS-Medien — was die Art der Enzymlokalisation, die Empfindlichkeit und Spezifität betrifft — dem Brom-naphthylglykosid-Verfahren überlegen. Bei N. crassa und A. oryzae ließen sich β-Galactosidase, α- und β-Glucosidase, in den Zellen von S. cerevisiae jedoch nur die letzten beiden Enzyme nachweisen. Ergebnisse von Kontrollreaktionen untermauern die Spezifität der Nachweisreaktionen. In den Konidien von N. crassa und A. oryzae trat auch bei Kontrollen Pormazanbildung auf; die möglichen Ursachen werden diskutiert. Aus dem Reaktionsbild kann keine Aussage über die Art der intrazellulären Lokalisation der untersuchten Glycosidasen gemacht werden.
    Notes: Summary The usefullness of the tetrazolium salt-method (Lojda, 1965) and the bromo-naphthyl-glycoside-method (Cohen et al., 1952; Rutenburg et al., 1958, 1960) for the intracellular detection of β-galactosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.23), α-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.20) and β-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.21) in the cells of the fungi Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus oryzae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (cultivation on media containing enzyme inductors) was examined. In all cases the tetrazolium salt-media gave far better results concerning enzyme localization, sensitivity and specificity. In N. crassa and A. oryzae β-galactosidase, α- and β-glucosidase could be detected, in the cells of S. cerevisiae only the two latter enzymes. The results of control reactions demonstrate the specificity of the cytochemical reactions. In the conidia of N. crassa and A. oryzae formazan deposition was observed even in control reactions; the possible reasons are discussed. The reaction pictures give no suggestions concerning the exact intracellular localization of the glycosidases tested.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 26 (1971), S. 93-94 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Addition of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to the incubation medium of succinate dehydrogenase in a concentration of 10% enhances the staining reaction in the hyphae of the fungus Cercosporella herpotrichoides after an incubation period of 15 min. Controls without DMSO remain unstained. DMSO causes a rapid penetration of the components of the medium through the mucilage that covers the hyphae.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 7 (1966), S. 202-210 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe des Tetrazoliumsalzes Nitro-BT sowie des Intermediators Phenazinmethosulfat wurde die intrazelluläre Glukoseoxydase (E.C. 1.1.3.4) vonAspergillus niger cytochemisch nachgewiesen, wobei biochemische Befunde zur Stützung der Spezifität der Reaktion herangezogen wurden.
    Notes: Summary The intracellular enzyme glucose oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.4) ofAspergillus niger was demonstrated cytochemically using Nitro-BT and phenazine methosulphate. Biochemical data supported the specificity of the reaction.
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