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  • 1
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    Reactivation of Stromboli's summit craters at the end of the 2007 effusive eruption detected by thermal surveys and seismicity (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-11
    Description: This work arises from the field observations made during the civil protection emergency period connected to the 2007 Stromboli eruption. We observed changes in the shallow feeding system of the volcano to which we give a volcanological interpretation and the relative implications. Here we describe the processes occurred in the upper feeding system from the end of the 2007 effusive eruption on April 3 until the renewal of the strombolian explosive activity at the summit craters (June 30), interpreted using multidisciplinary data. We used thermal camera data collected both from helicopter and from a fixed station at 400 m to retrieve the evolving summit crater activity. These data, compared with seismic signals and published geochemical records, allowed us to detail the shifting of the degassing activity within the crater terrace from NE to SW, occurred between April 15 and 25, 2007 prior to the resumption of the strombolian activity. In particular, from mid-April a gradual SW displacement in the maximum apparent temperatures was recorded at the vents within the summit craters, together with a change in the VLP location and confirmed by variations in geochemical indicators (CO 2 /SO 2 plume ratios and CO 2 fluxes) from literature. The shallow feeding system experienced a major readjustment after the end of the effusive activity, determining variations in the pressure leakage of the source, slowly deepening and shifting toward SW. All these data, together with the framework supplied by previous structural surveys, allowed us to propose that the compaction of debris accumulated in the uppermost conduit by inward crater collapses, occurred in early March, produced the observed anomalies. At Stromboli, major morphology changes, taking place in the following years, were anticipated by these small and apparently minor processes occurred in the upper feeding system. Other studies are relating similar changes to modifications of the eruptive activity also at other open-conduit volcanoes, so we believe that it may be important to have a constant monitoring of these phenomena in order to better understand their shallow feeding systems.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Stress-induced temperature variations in groundwater of the Monferrato area (north-western Italy) (2012)
    Wiley
    In: Geofluids
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: Although characterized by low seismicity, the Monferrato area of north-western Italy was affected by earthquakes, of magnitude M 5.1 and M 4.8, in 2000 and 2001. At the same time, marked changes were recorded in water temperature and chemistry in several wells within the epicentral area. In May 2004, an automatic network for the continuous monitoring of groundwater was installed in selected wells to study the phenomenon. Here, we report on data collected during a 3-year period of groundwater monitoring. During the first year, episodes of water heating (by up to 20°C) were observed in one monitored well. The temporal analysis of the seismic activity recorded in the area revealed as almost all seismic events occurred during the period of elevated water temperatures. The similar timing of earthquakes and groundwater-temperature anomalies suggests that both may be triggered by the same processes acting in the crust.
    Print ISSN: 1468-8115
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-8123
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    An unloading foam model to constrain Etna's 11–13 January 2011 lava fountaining episode (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-18
    Description: The 11–13 January 2011 eruptive episode at Etna volcano occurred after several months of increasing ash emissions from the summit craters, and was heralded by increasing SO2 output, which peaked at ∼5000 megagrams/day several hours before the start of the eruptive activity. The eruptive episode began with a phase of Strombolian activity from a pit crater on the eastern flank of the SE-Crater. Explosions became more intense with time and eventually became transitional between Strombolian and fountaining, before moving into a lava fountaining phase. Fountaining was accompanied by lava output from the lower rim of the pit crater. Emplacement of the resulting lava flow field, as well as associated lava fountain- and Strombolian-phases, was tracked using a remote sensing network comprising both thermal and visible cameras. Thermal surveys completed once the eruptive episode had ended also allowed us to reconstruct the emplacement of the lava flow field. Using a high temporal resolution geostationary satellite data we were also able to construct a detailed record of the heat flux during the fountain-fed flow phase and its subsequent cooling. The dense rock volume of erupted lava obtained from the satellite data was 1.2 × 106 m3; this was emplaced over a period of about 6 h to give a mean output rate of ∼55 m3 s−1. By comparison, geologic data allowed us to estimate dense rock volumes of ∼0.85 × 106 m3 for the pyroclastics erupted during the lava fountain phase, and 0.84–1.7 × 106 m3 for lavas erupted during the effusive phase, resulting in a total erupted dense rock volume of 1.7–2.5 × 106 m3 and a mean output rate of 78–117 m3 s−1. The sequence of events and quantitative results presented here shed light on the shallow feeding system of the volcano.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Limited overlap between the seismic gap and coseismic slip of the great 2010 Chile earthquake (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-01
    Description: Limited overlap between the seismic gap and coseismic slip of the great 2010 Chile earthquake Nature Geoscience 4, 173 (2011). doi:10.1038/ngeo1073 Authors: S. Lorito, F. Romano, S. Atzori, X. Tong, A. Avallone, J. McCloskey, M. Cocco, E. Boschi & A. Piatanesi The Mw 8.8 mega-thrust earthquake and tsunami that occurred on 27 February 2010 offshore the Maule region, Chile, was not unexpected. A clearly identified seismic gap existed in an area where tectonic loading has been accumulating since the great 1835 earthquake. Here we jointly invert tsunami and geodetic data to derive a robust model for the coseismic slip distribution and induced coseismic stress changes. We compare these with past earthquakes and the preseismic locking distribution, to assess if the Maule earthquake has filled the seismic gap. We find that the main slip patch is located to the north of the gap, overlapping the rupture zone of the Mw 8.0 earthquake that occurred in 1928, with a secondary concentration of slip to the south. The seismic gap was only partially filled and a zone of high preseismic locking remains unbroken, inconsistent with the assumption that distributions of seismic rupture might be correlated with preseismic locking. Moreover, we conclude that increased stress on the unbroken patch may in turn have increased the probability of another major to great earthquake there in the near future.
    Print ISSN: 1752-0894
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-0908
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 5
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    The initial phases of the 2008–2009 Mount Etna eruption: A multidisciplinary approach for hazard assessment (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-10
    Description: Between 2007 and early 2008, the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) monitoring networks on Etna volcano recorded a recharging phase that climaxed with a new effusive eruption on 13 May 2008 and lasted about 14 months. A dike-forming intrusion was accompanied by a violent seismic swarm, with more than 230 events recorded in the first 6 h, the largest being ML = 3.9. In the meanwhile, marked ground deformation was recorded by the permanent tilt and GPS networks, and sudden changes in the summit area were detected by five continuously recording magnetic stations. Poor weather conditions did not allow direct observation of the eruptive events, but important information was provided by infrared satellite images that detected the start of lava fountains from the eruptive fissure, feeding a lava flow. This flow spread within the Valle del Bove depression, covering 6.4 km on the southeastern flank of the volcano in a few hours. The seismicity and deformation pattern indicated that the dike-forming intrusion was propagating northward. It produced a dry fracture field, which generated concern for the possibility that the eruptive fissures could expand downslope toward populated areas. Monitoring and modeling of the multidisciplinary data, together with the simulations of ash dispersal and lava flows, allowed us both to infer the eruptive mechanisms and to provide correct interpretation of the ongoing phenomena, furnishing useful information for civil defense purposes. We describe how this approach of feedback between monitoring and research provides critical support to risk evaluation.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Dynamics of a lava fountain revealed by geophysical, geochemical and thermal satellite measurements: The case of the 10 April 2011 Mt Etna eruption (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-22
    Description: Geophysical (tilt, seismic tremor and gravity signals), geochemical (crater SO2 flux) and infrared satellite measurements are presented and discussed to track the temporal evolution of the lava fountain episode occurring at Mt Etna volcano on 10 April 2011. The multi-disciplinary approach provides insight into a gas-rich magma source trapped in a shallow storage zone inside the volcano edifice. This generated the fast ascending gas-magma dispersed flow feeding the lava fountain and causing the depressurization of a deeper magma storage. Satellite thermal data allowed estimation of the amount of erupted lava, which, summed to the tephra volume, yielded a total volume of erupted products of about 1 × 106 m3. Thanks to the daylight occurrence of this eruptive episode, the SO2 emission rate was also estimated, showing a degassing cycle reaching a peak of 15,000 Mg d−1 with a mean daily value of ∼5,700 Mg d−1. The SO2 data from the previous fountain episode on 17–18 February to 10 April 2011, yielded a cumulative degassed magma volume of about ∼10.5 × 106 m3, indicating a ratio of roughly 10:1 between degassed and erupted volumes. This volumetric balance, differently from those previously estimated during different styles of volcanic activities with long-term (years) recharging periods and middle-term (weeks to months) effusive eruptions, points toward the predominant role played by the gas phase in generating and driving this lava fountain episode.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Anisotropy patterns in the subducting lithosphere and in the mantle wedge: A case study—The southern Italy subduction system (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In this study we present a collection of high quality S wave splitting measurements in the southern Italy subduction system. We analyzed 76 deep earthquakes located within the descending slab using the method of Silver and Chan (1991) to determine the splitting parameters $\varphi$ and δt. The local deep earthquakes allow us to analyze raypaths primarily sampling the slab and the wedge above it. Mainland Calabria is an outcropping forearc, enabling us to sample rays that propagate up the slab. S wave splitting parameters show a complex pattern of anisotropy with variable fast directions and with delay times ranging from 0.1 s to 2.2 s. We compared local S wave splitting data with SKS results at the same stations, and we found that the average δt is very different (1.8 s for SKS and 0.5 s for S). We found consistency between averaged S fast directions and the SKS splitting measurements, including a pattern of toroidal mantle flow at the SW edge of the slab. The S wave splitting parameters show frequency-dependent behavior that we attribute to the presence of small-scale anisotropic heterogeneities. Comparison of S splitting measurements to P wave velocity anomaly at 100–200 km depth shows that where the rays primarily sample the slab the delay times are small. In contrast, where S rays sample the mantle wedge, the delay times are quite high. This δt pattern depicts the slab as a weakly anisotropic region and suggests that the main source of anisotropy in the subduction zone is the surrounding asthenosphere.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    L'Aquila's aftershocks shake scientists (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boschi, Enzo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 27;341(6153):1451. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6153.1451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24072904" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cause of Death ; Disaster Planning/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Earthquakes ; Humans ; Information Dissemination/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Italy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    The 2012 Ferrara seismic sequence: Regional crustal structure, earthquake sources, and seismic hazard (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-06
    Description: Inadequate seismic design codes can be dangerous, particularly when they underestimate the true hazard. In this study we use data from a sequence of moderate-sized earthquakes in northeast Italy to validate and test a regional wave propagation model which, in turn, is used to understand some weaknesses of the current design spectra. Our velocity model, while regionalized and somewhat ad hoc, is consistent with geophysical observations and the local geology. In the 0.02–0.1 Hz band, this model is validated by using it to calculate moment tensor solutions of 20 earthquakes (5.6 ≥ MW ≥ 3.2) in the 2012 Ferrara, Italy, seismic sequence. The seismic spectra observed for the relatively small main shock significantly exceeded the design spectra to be used in the area for critical structures. Observations and synthetics reveal that the ground motions are dominated by long-duration surface waves, which, apparently, the design codes do not adequately anticipate. In light of our results, the present seismic hazard assessment in the entire Pianura Padana, including the city of Milan, needs to be re-evaluated.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seismic deformation in the Mediterranean area estimated by moment tensor summation (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 122 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Theoretical relationships allow the distributed deformation due to seismic activity to be quantified on the basis of the analysis of moment tensors. We apply this method to a data set consisting of seismic events that have occurred in the past 85 yr (1908–1992) along the most important seismogenic zones of the Mediterranean region. We use the Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) Catalog prepared at Harvard University, covering the last 16 yr, and older data from Jackson & McKenzie (1988). We determine the seismic deformation and compare it to estimates of the overall deformation as obtained from global plate motion and geological studies. We generally find that the geometry of seismic deformation is similar to tectonic predictions. Even though spanning a shorter time interval, the CMT Catalog often gives a better estimate of deformation geometry than the whole data set (85 yr). Seismic deformation generally ranges from less than 10 per cent to more than 90 per cent of the total deformation. Uncertainties arise because data sets may not be representative of the long-term seismic behaviour of each zone. More reliable estimates for comparison with geodynamic processes should result from analysis of a longer time period, for which no instrumental data are available. The similarity of the deformation geometry using CMT data with tectonic expectations suggests, for several zones, the possibility of using historical data to infer longer term deformation rates based on current deformation geometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb06847.x
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