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  • Articles  (104)
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  • Articles  (104)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The 14C age and residence time of organic matter and its lipid constituents in a stagnohumic gley soil (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of soil science 47 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A combination of radiocarbon (14C) dating and biomarker analyses of the aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil lipids is proposed as a novel and improved method for studying the environmental history of peaty soils. The radiocarbon concentration of unfractionated bulk organic matter, hydrolysed soil residues and two lipid fractions (the aliphatic hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids) recovered from a stagnohumic gley soil, were compared using AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) and radiometric 14C dating techniques. The radiocarbon ages recorded by the aliphatic hydrocarbon fractions were consistently older than those measured from the unfractionated soil, and were in most cases older than the residues remaining after acid hydrolysis. This pattern was observed at three different depths in the soil profile. The apparent age difference between the hydrocarbon fraction and its unfractionated substrate increased with depth. An abundance of long–chain n–alkanes, similar to those found in higher plant waxes, characterized the aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction from the deepest soil (at 21.5–24.5–cm depth). The radiocarbon age of this basal organic component (13470± 170 years bp) indicated that it derived from the initial re–establishment of vegetation on the local deglaciated landscape with the onset of the Windermere Interstadial (c. 14000–13000 14C years bp). Bulk organic detritus within the basal horizon dated at some 3000 years younger, and presumably as a result of the downward penetration and retention of some mobile organic residues produced later in the development of the soil profile. The survival and apparent stratigraphical stability of these recoverable aliphatic hydrocarbons provides the opportunity, via the development of AMS dating, to measure an unambiguous radiocarbon age for the origin of organic residues retained in soils and sediments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01392.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enchytraeid worms (Oligochaeta) enhance mineralization of carbon in organic upland soils (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: We investigated the functional role of enchytraeid worms (Oligochaeta) in organic upland soils experimentally, because that role of these animals is little known. We made microcosms of intact soil cores cut from two depths, 0–4 cm and 4–8 cm, of a Cambic Stagnohumic Gley from the Moor House National Nature Reserve (UK). Enchytraeids were added to half of the microcosms, resulting in four treatments: litter (L), litter + enchytraeids (L + E), soil (S) and soil + enchytraeids (S + E). Triplicates of each treatment were established, and all microcosms (60) were then incubated in the dark at 15°C, arranged in a fully randomized design. The experiment ran over 110 days, with five destructive harvests at days 10, 25, 50, 75 and 110, when microbial measurements (soil respiration and biomass C) as well as measures of decomposition (nutrient concentration in leachates) were made. Enchytraeids almost doubled the availability of organic carbon (measured as dissolved organic carbon in soil leachates) in the surface (0–4 cm) microcosms only. There were no effects of enchytraeids on the release of inorganic N or P from either soil horizon, although the release of ammonium and phosphate was correlated with the number of enchytraeids in the microcosms. The depth from which the soil was taken exerted a strong influence on nutrient leaching, with almost six times more ammonium and four times more carbon being leached from the surface (0–4 cm) layer than from the more decomposed (4–8 cm) horizon. There was little nitrate leaching from any of the treatments, with only one-quarter as much nitrate leached from the surface (0–4 cm) as from the subsurface (4–8 cm) horizon. Enchytraeids had no detectable effect on microbial biomass, but they increased microbial respiration by 35% in the surface (0–4 cm) horizon. Because they enhanced microbial activity in this horizon we suggest that enchytraeids indirectly drive the processes of decomposition and nutrient mineralization in organic upland soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00297.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissolved organic matter and its parent organic matter in grass upland soil horizons studied by analytical pyrolysis techniques (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of soil science 49 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: We have sought to understand the molecular mechanisms by which dissolved organic matter (DOM) forms and soil organic matter (SOM) degrades in upland peaty gley soil under grass. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (Py-MS) and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were applied to characterize the DOM collected from lysimeters and its parent SOM. The macromolecular organic matter in the litter and fermentation (Lf) horizon of the soil consists primarily of little decomposed lignocellulose from grass, whereas the humus (Oh) horizon is characterized by an accumulation of selectively decomposed lignocellulose material, microbial metabolites and bound fatty acids. The mineral horizon produced a relative enrichment of furan structures derived from microbial reworking of plant polysaccharides but virtually no lignin signals. A series of exceptional long chain C43 to C53 fatty acids with odd over even predominance, probably derived from mycobacteria, were also identified in the Oh horizon. Side-chain oxidation and shortening, increase of carboxyl functionality and selective removal of syringyl (S) 〉 guaiacyl (G) 〉 p-hydroxyphenyl (P) lignin units were the main reactions when lignin degraded. Compared with SOM, the DOM shows a large accumulation of more oxidized lignin and aromatic structures, especially those containing carboxylic and dicarboxylic acid functionalities and with shorter side-chain length. The polysaccharide-type compounds in the DOM were more modified (greater abundance of furan structures in pyrolysis products), and had significantly lower molecular weight and more diverse polymeric structures than did those in soils. Increased temperature and rainfall appeared to result in greater relative abundance of lignin degradation products and aromatic compounds in DOM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.00141.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of open-air fumigation with sulphur dioxide on the decomposition of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) leaf litters from polluted and unpolluted woodlands (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) leaf litters from 15 woodlands exposed to a broad range of ambient sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations were fumigated with environmentally realistic concentrations (ll-20nmol mol−1) of SO2, for 166 d in an open-air fumigation experiment. Fumigation of the sycamore litters significantly increased sulphate-S and proton leaching, and decreased calcium, magnesium and potassium concentrations in leachates and leaf tissues. Leaf litters from relatively unpolluted woodlands showed a tendency to lose higher amounts of sulphate-S, calcium, magnesium and nitrate-N in leachates than litters from polluted sites when exposed to elevated levels of SO2 in treatment plots.Fumigation inhibited the decomposition rates (CO2 evolution) of the leaf litters. Marked changes in the composition of the saprotrophic fungal communities in SO2-fumigated leaf litters were also recorded, but fungal communities and responses to SO2, were similar between woodlands. There was no evidence from our data to suggest that resistance to SO2, was developed in decomposer mycofloras in woodlands more frequently polluted by the gas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00366.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulphite and ph effects on co"2 evolution from decomposing angiospermous and coniferous tree leaf litters
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25 (1993), S. 1513-1525 
    Details
    ISSN: 0038-0717
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(93)90006-W
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root production and turnover in an upland grassland subjected to artificial soil warming respond to radiation flux and nutrients, not temperature (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 120 (1999), S. 575-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Root birth ; Root death ; Minirhizotron ; Soil temperature ; PAR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Root demographic processes (birth and death) were measured using minirhizotrons in the soil warming experiments at the summit of Great Dun Fell, United Kingdom (845 m). The soil warming treatment raised soil temperature at 2 cm depth by nearly 3°C. The first experiment ran for 6 months (1994), the second for 18 (1995–1996). In both experiments, heating increased death rates for roots, but birth rates were not significantly increased in the first experiment. The lack of stimulation of death rate in 1996 is probably an artefact, caused by completion of measurements in late summer of 1996, before the seasonal demography was concluded: root death continued over the winter of 1995–1996. Measurements of instantaneous death rates confirmed this: they were accelerated by warming in the second experiment. In the one complete year (1995–1996) in which measurements were taken, net root numbers by the end of the year were not affected by soil warming. The best explanatory environmental variable for root birth rate in both experiments was photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) flux, averaged over the previous 5 (first experiment) or 10 days (second experiment). In the second experiment, the relationship between birth rate and PAR flux was steeper and stronger in heated than in unheated plots. Death rate was best explained by vegetation temperature. These results provide further evidence that root production acclimates to temperature and is driven by the availability of photosynthate. The stimulation of root growth due to soil warming was almost certainly the result of changes in nutrient availability following enhanced decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050892
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated CO2 reduces field decomposition rates of Betula pendula (Roth.) leaf litter (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 106 (1996), S. 525-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Elevated CO2 ; N fertilization ; Decomposition ; Lignin/N ; Betula pendula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 and nutrient supply on elemental composition and decomposition rates of tree leaf litter was studied using litters derived from birch (Betula pendula Roth.) plants grown under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (ambient and ambient +250 ppm) and two nutrient regimes in solar domes. CO2 and nutrient treatments affected the chemical composition of leaves, both independently and interactively. The elevated CO2 and unfertilized soil regime significantly enhanced lignin/N and C/N ratios of birch leaves. Decomposition was studied using field litter-bags, and marked differences were observed in the decomposition rates of litters derived from the two treatments, with the highest weight remaining being associated with litter derived from the enhanced CO2 and unfertilized regime. Highly significant correlations were shown between birch litter decomposition rates and lignin/N and C/N ratios. It can be concluded, from this study, that at levels of atmospheric CO2 predicted for the middle of the next century a deterioration of litter quality will result in decreased decomposition rates, leading to reduction of nutrient mineralization and increased C storage in forest ecosystems. However, such conclusions are difficult to generalize, since tree responses to elevated CO2 depend on soil nutritional status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329711
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of nitrogen fertilisation and elevated CO2 on the lipid biosynthesis and carbon isotopic discrimination in birch seedlings (Betula pendula) (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 35-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Betula pendula ; Nitrogen fertilisation ; CO2 concentration ; Carbon isotopic fractionation ; Lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of nitrogen (N) fertilisation and elevated [CO2] on lipid biosynthesis and carbon isotope discrimination in birch (Betula pendula Roth.) transplants were evaluated using seedlings grown with and without N fertiliser, and under two concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (ambient and ambient+250 μmol mol-1) in solar dome systems. N fertilisation decreased n-fatty acid chain length (18:0/16:0) and the ratios of α-linolenate (18:2)/linoleate (18:1), whereas elevated [CO2] showed little effect on n-fatty acid chain length, but decreased the unsaturation (18:2+18:1)/18:0. Both N fertilisation and elevated [CO2] increased the quantity of leaf wax n-alkanes, whilst reducing that of n-alkanols by 20–50%, but had no simple response in fatty acid concentrations. 13C enrichment by 1–2.5‰ under N fertilisation was observed, and can be attributed to both reduced leaf conductance and increased photosynthetic consumption of CO2. Individual n-alkyl lipids of different chain length show consistent pattern of δ13C values within each homologue, but are in general 5–8‰ more depleted in 13C than the bulk tissues. Niether nitrogen fertilisation and elevated CO2 influenced the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination of the bulk tissue and the individual lipids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004771431093
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition of tree leaf litters grown under elevated CO2: Effect of litter quality (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition rates ; enriched CO2 ; lignin ; litter respiration ; microcosms ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) leaf litters were monitored for decomposition rates and nutrient release in a laboratory microcosm experiment. Litters were derived from solar domes where plants had been exposed to two different CO2 regimes: ambient (350 μL L-1 CO2) and enriched (600 μL L-1 CO2). Elevated CO2 significantly affected some of the major litter quality parameters, with lower N, higher lignin concentrations and higher ratios of C/N and lignin/N for litters derived from enriched CO2. Respiration rates of the deciduous species were significantly decreased for litters grown under elevated CO2, and reductions in mass loss at the end of the experiment were generally observed in litters derived from the 600 ppm CO2 treatment. Nutrient mineralization, dissolved organic carbon, and pH in microcosm leachates did not differ significantly between the two CO2 treatments for any of the species studied. Litter quality parameters were examined for correlations with cumulative respiration and decomposition rates: N concentration, C/N and lignin/N ratios showed the highest correlations, with differences between litter types. The results indicate that higher C storage will occur in soil as a consequence of litter quality changes resulting from higher atmospheric concentrations of CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033948
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of enhanced atmospheric CO2 and nutrient supply on the quality and subsequent decomposition of fine roots of Betula pendula Roth. and Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 170 (1995), S. 267-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C/N ratio ; decomposition rates ; elevated CO2 ; microcosms ; N fertilization ; root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fine root litter derived from birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) plants grown under two CO2 atmospheric concentrations (350 ppm and 600 ppm) and two nutrient regimes was used for decomposition studies in laboratory microcosms. Although there were interactions between litter type, CO2/fertiliser treatments and decomposition rates, in general, an increase in the C/N ratio of the root tissue was observed for roots of both species grown under elevated CO2 in unfertilized soil. Both weight loss and respiration of decomposing birch roots were significantly reduced in materials derived from enriched CO2, whilst the decomposition of spruce roots showed no such effect. A parallel experiment was performed using Betula pendula root litter grown under different N regimes, in order to test the relationship between C/N ratio of litter and root decomposition rate. A highly significant (p〈0.001) negative correlation between C/N ratio and root litter respiration was found, with an r2=0.97. The results suggest that the increased C/N ratio of plant tissues induced by elevated CO2 can result in a reduction of decomposition rate, with a resulting increase in forest soil C stores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010479
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