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  • Articles  (74)
  • Biology  (74)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the age, growth, reproduction and food of the chub Squalius cephalus (L.) in the River Stour, Dorset (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 8 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Opercular bones from 399 chub from the River Stour, Dorset were used for age and backcalculated growth measurements. Scales were only used to aid the interpretation of difficult operculars. Annuli were laid down through the period mid-April to mid-June. Growth in length was minimal between October and March. Growth rates were similar to those published for chub in other European waters, but the Stour chub were longer-lived and attained a greater ultimate size. Female chub grew faster than the males. Spawning occurred from late May into June and elaboration of the gonads took place between September and May. Immature chub had an annual cycle of condition; the 0 group having a maximum in August and older immature fish reaching their maximum in June. Both categories had a minimum condition in early spring. The cycle of gonad development affected the condition of mature fish. The numbers of eggs in chub of lengths 359–467 mm ranged from 27 000–65 000. Some females attained sexual maturity at age V or VI, but most by age VII. The majority of males matured at age V, though some at ages III or IV. Growth rates and year-class strengths varied from year to year but independently of one another. Thirty-one per cent of chub aged II and over belonged to the 1959 year class. Young chub ate insect larvae and small crustacea, but the occurrence of fish and macrophytes was greater in the diet of older fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1976.tb03950.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the age, growth, reproduction and food of the pike Esox lucius (L.) in two rivers in southern England (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 8 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Opercular bones of 261 pike from the River Stour and 117 from the River Frome were used for age and back-calculated growth determinations. The annuli were laid down during late April and early May and most growth occurred between May and September. Pike growth in the two rivers was comparable with the fastest growth in other waters, though Frome pike grew slightly faster than Stour pike. Spawning occurred from the end of March into May. Elaboration of the ovaries commenced in September and was virtually completed by February, whereas the testes reached their maximum weight in October and maintained it until spawning. Immature pike had an annual cycle of condition reaching a maximum in May and a minimum during the winter. The gonad cycle affected the condition of mature females which had their minimum condition in mid-summer. The fecundity of Stour pike is expressed by the formula: log10 egg number =3.56 log10 fish length (mm) – 5.40. Approximately 75% of all Stour pike were sexually mature by age II and these fish were, on average, larger than immature pike of the same age. The most numerous items in the diet of pike were small cyprinids, 30–80 mm fork length, although pike over 700 mm long ate larger fish. Few salmonids appeared in the diet of either Frome or Stour pike. The percentage of empty stomachs was highest in Stour samples taken during the summer, shorter digestion times and longer feeding periods in this period are suggested as reasons for the apparent anomaly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1976.tb03930.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The populations of fish in the River Tees system on the Moor House National Nature Reserve, Westmorland (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 7 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The age, growth, population densities and annual production of an isolated population of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and bullhead (Coitus gobio L.) were investigated over a 5 year period in Trout Beck in the northern Pennines. Additional data were obtained from two other sites; Great Dodgen Pot Sike and the River Tees.Trout growth rates were low, particularly in Dodgen Pot Sike, but ages up to VIII were recorded. Bullhead growth rates were similar to those in the Tees at Cow Green (Crisp et al., 1974), though the Moor House bullheads had a higher survival rate. Population densities of trout ranged from 0.10–0.22/m2, with a fry contribution of 0.80%. The bullhead population in Trout Beck was sparse, generally 0.1/m2, though an 0 group value of 0.46/ma was estimated in 1967. At Tees Bridge values ranged from 2.5–7/8/m2. Most trout matured by age III, though in Great Dodgen Pot Sike only half of the females were mature at age IV.Annual production was estimated from Allen graphs. Trout production ranged from 1.02–3.50 g/m2/year, the fry contributing up to 51.5% of the total. A value of 0.48 g/m2/year was obtained for bullheads in the Trout Beck system in a year of good recruitment, whilst bullhead production at Tees Bridge was 7.43 g/m2/year, with fry and I group contributing 48.7 and 37.5% respectively. The high survival rate, irregular recruitment, and poor growth of these high altitude populations is discussed. Growth and reproductive peculiarities of the Great Dodgen Pot Sike trout are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1975.tb04632.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the age, growth, reproduction and food of the dace, Leuciscus leuciscus (L.), in two rivers in southern England (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 6 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Scales of 497 dace from the river Stour and 573 from the river Frome were used for age determinations. Annuli were laid down in late May to early June at the start of the growth period. Minimal growth occurred from November to April. Male dace grew minimally faster than females; Frome dace faster than those from the Stour. Growth rates in the two rivers were similar to those published for most other European waters. Variation in growth rates in different years was not great, but there were marked differences in recruitment success. Spawning occurred in the second half of March and elaboration of the gonads between September and March. Immature dace have an annual cycle in condition with a maximum in June and a minimum during the winter months. The condition of the mature females is affected by the gonad cycle. The fecundity of Stour dace is represented by the formula: 〈displayedItem type="mathematics" xml:id="mu1" numbered="no"〉〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00221112:JFB237:JFB_237_mu1"/〉 and for Frome dace by: 〈displayedItem type="mathematics" xml:id="mu2" numbered="no"〉〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00221112:JFB237:JFB_237_mu2"/〉 Most dace were mature by age IV, but there were more mature II and III group fish in the Frome population. Molluscs and Trichoptera larvae comprised the bulk of the winter diet of Stour dace, and Ephemeroptera nymphs, Simulium and chironomid larvae were the principal constituents during the summer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1974.tb04542.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the biology of the perch, Perca fluviatilis, in the River Stour, Dorset (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 8 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. Opercular bones from 323 perch from the River Stour were used for age and back-calculated growth determinations. Annuli were formed during May at the beginning of the growth period. Growth was minimal from October to April. Female perch grew faster than males, and the growth rates of both sexes were higher than those observed in most other European waters. Spawning occurred during late April and early May; male gonads began development in August and had attained their maximum weight in September, but the ovaries developed gradually from August until April. Immature perch had an annual cycle of condition with a maximum in June-July and a minimum in December-January. The condition of mature males and females was affected by the gonad cycle. The fecundity of Stour perch is expressed by the formula: log egg number = 2.40 log length (mm) - 1.34.Approximately 25% of males were mature at age I and all were mature at age II, whereas most females did not spawn until age III. Ephemeroptera nymphs and minnow fry constituted the bulk of the diet of 0-group perch; Ephemeroptera nymphs, minnow fry and Corixidae were the most numerous items in I group perch, whereas older perch contained Corixidae and a wider range of fish prey species, although minnows were the most numerous of these.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1978.tb01444.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ecology of brown trout Salmo trutta in English chalk streams (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 21 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. .1. Chalkstream trout are fast-growing, short-lived with a stable age structure that is a consequence of the lack of extremes in the abiotic environment, especially of water temperature and flow.2. Levels of secondary (invertebrate) production arc high and there is no evidence that interspecific or intraspecific competition for food resources limits growth.3. Dietary studies show a broad similarity between trout and other species, but indicate differences that reflect variations in the micro-habitat distributions between fish species.4. Trout numbers appear to be limited initially by the availability of gravel spawning areas, and then by areas suitable for newly-emerged fry. Reduction in stream discharge in the spring, either naturally or by man, can lower the number of 0+ trout that survive.5. Eels are not important predators on trout eggs or fry. but a reduction in pike numbers can lead to a decrease in the mean weight of pike. Small pike do not pose a serious threat to stocked yearling trout.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1989.tb01348.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative growth and diet of tench Tinca tinca (L.) larvae and juveniles from river floodplain biotopes in France and England (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ecology of freshwater fish 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0633
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The growth and diet of larvae and 0 + juveniles of riverine tench Tinca tinca (L.) were compared in two stagnant floodplain biotopes from the upper River Rhône, France, and the River Great Ouse, England. The diet of tench was generally similar at the French and English sites, with Cladocera being the predominant prey of young larvae (English site only). Cladocera and Copepoda were the principal prey of older larvae and 0 + juveniles, though the latter took a variety of other, larger prey items. Ontogenetic changes in diet at both sites probably reflect prey availability. Protracted spawning at the French site contrasted a single spawning effort in the English backwater. Fluctuations in growth rate and condition were observed to coincide with shifts in diet, suggesting that tench developing in riverine biotopes may be vulnerable to competition at particular transitional intervals in their early ontogeny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1993.tb00084.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of impoundment on populations of bullhead Cottus gobio L. and minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.), in the basin of Cow Green Reservoir (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 38 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The distribution, growth and reproduction of bullhead, Cottus gobio, L., and minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.), were studied at Cow Green Reservoir, Upper Teesdale, for 10 years following impoundment in 1970. Comparisons were made with pre-impoundment results. The length-for-age of bullheads increased after impoundment. The length-for-age of minnows decreased. In winter both species were confined mainly to deep water or to the stone facing of the earth dam. In summer they were found throughout the reservoir though bullheads were scarce in the littoral zone. Female bullheads became sexually mature at an earlier age (84% at age-group I) than before impoundment (33% at age-group I) but no change was apparent amongst males (67–62% in age-group I). The post-impoundment sex ratio did not differ from 1:1 and individual fecundity did not change after impoundment. There was a significant reduction in individual fecundity of the minnow. The mean instantaneous rate of mortality (Z) for bullhead of age-groups II to IV was 0.96 ± 0.34 year−1, compared with 0.85 ± 0.29 year in the Tees before impoundment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb03161.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmentally-induced fluctuations in year-class strength and their implications for management (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 27 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Data for river populations of common freshwater species including dace, chub, roach, gudgeon and pike are examined to assess the magnitude of natural density-independent fluctuations in the strength of year-classes. Both in the cyprinid populations and in those of some salmonids, only occasional years give rise to large cohorts of adult fish. Correlations with temperature indicate that for the cyprinid populations these are often years when temperatures are high. In the River Frome, Dorset there is a significant relationship between the growth of O-group dace and subsequent year-class strength. Faster-growing larvae may be better able to avoid predation. Both the habitat and feeding requirements of these young fish are different from those of the adults. A practical approach to improving recruitment in a population of a given species would be to first characterize, and then increase, the availability of suitable habitats and food organisms for the larval stages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1985.tb03243.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the accuracy of age-determination using scales from rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.), of known age (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 26 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Six scientists from five European countries each examined 29 sets of scales from rudd of known age. The material contained 174 scales from both fast and slow growing fish and, with the exception of one participant, the scientists missed the first annulus when it was formed close to the scale centre. Sixty-eight scales were misread in this way, but only 12 were incorrectly aged because of confusion between true and false annuli. Comparisons of back-calculated lengths with observed lengths at each age were used to identify which false annuli had been incorrectly identified as true annuli, and vice-versa. The results confirmed the necessity of having information from other sources, e.g. seasonal length-frequency distributions of 0-group fish, to support the subjective interpretation of the scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1985.tb04302.x
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