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1

Electronic Resource

Bimodal Transport of a Waste Water Plume Injected into Saline Ground Water of the Florida Keys (2000)

Dillon, Kevin S. ; Corbett, D. Reide ; Chanton, Jeffrey P. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Ground water 38 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1745-6584

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences

Notes: Two experiments were conducted on Long Key, Florida, United States, to examine the fate of waste water following sewage disposal in 10 to 30 m deep injection wells. This waste disposal practice introduces extraordinary amounts of nutrients into the ground water of the Florida Keys. In these experiments, artificial ground water tracers, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and radioiodine (131I) were used to determine transport rates and directions of soluble nonreactive substances injected into the saline ground water underlying the Keys. Two types of transport were observed: (1) rapid flow (0.20 to 2.20 m/hr) presumably due to the many conduits present in the limestone; and (2) slower flow (less than 0.003 to 0.14 m/hr) associated with the limestone's primary porosity. Vertical flow was comparable to horizontal flow due to either the density-driven buoyancy of the waste water plume or to preferential flowpaths that allow upward advection or combination of both. These experiments showed that conservative artificial tracers injected into the subsurface reach surface water in a matter of days and can remain in the immediate vicinity of the injection well for several months.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00254.x

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2

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Anaerobic diagenesis within Recent, Pleistocene, and Eocene marine carbonate frameworks (1990)

SANSONE, FRANCIS J. ; TRIBBLE, GORDON W. ; ANDREWS, CHRISTINE C. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Sedimentology 37 (1990), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3091

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Porewaters from a variety of Recent, Pleistocene, and Eocene lithified marine carbonate frameworks displayed similar chemical characteristics: highly depleted concentrations of dissolved oxygen (〉20 μM), elevated levels of dissolved methane (25-5000 nM), and near-seawater sulphate levels. These porewaters also had low pH values (7·5-7·9), and contained elevated concentrations of sulphide (4–10 μM), dissolved inorganic carbon (2·05–2·46 mM), and inorganic nutrients. Hydrocarbon composition data indicate that the methane is biogenic, whereas the methane δ13C values (–47·4 ± 2·7%0) suggest that it has been subject to oxidation. The porewater dissolved inorganic carbon δ13C values varied from –0·6 to –39%0, suggesting input of carbon dioxide from organic matter oxidation. We conclude that anaerobic diagenesis involving bacterial degradation of organic matter is a common process in lithified marine carbonates and hypothesize that it may be an important factor controlling their carbonate geochemistry.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1990.tb01841.x

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3

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The effects of heat and stannous chloride addition on the active distillation of acid volatile sulfide from pyrite-rich marine sediment samples (1985)

Chanton, Jeffrey P. ; Martens, Christopher S.

Springer

Biogeochemistry 1 (1985), S. 375-382

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: iron monosulfide ; acid volatile sulfide ; pyrite ; stannous chloride ; sediments

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Iron monosulfides are important intermediates in pyrite formation, and are operationally defined as sulfides soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid. A number of variations are currently employed in their isolation and quantification. In this study, the active distillation of acid volatile sulfide from sediment samples was studied to determine the effects of stannous chloride and heat. The addition of SnCl2 caused recovery of sulfide to increase by 20% during distillations performed at room temperature. If distillations with SnCl2 were then heated and boiled, recovery increased by up to 100%. Tests with 98% pure pyrite and elemental sulfur showed that these compounds were reduced to sulfide in solutions of 15% and 20% SnCI2 in boiling 6N HCI, and that these reactions were grain size dependent. The compounds were not significantly reduced by solutions of SnCI2 at room temperature, or by boiling 6N HCl not containing SnCl2.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187379

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4

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Magnitude and variations of groundwater seepage along a Florida marine shoreline (1997)

CABLE, JAYE E. ; BURNETT, WILLIAM C. ; CHANTON, JEFFREY P.

Springer

Biogeochemistry 38 (1997), S. 189-205

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Direct groundwater inputs are receiving increasingattention as a potential source of nutrients and otherdissolved constituents to the coastal ocean. Seepageinto St. George Sound, Florida was measuredextensively from 1992 to 1994 using seepage meters. Spatial and temporal variations were documented alonga 7-km stretch of coastline and up to 1 km from shore. Measurements were made at 3 transects perpendicular toshore and 1 transect parallel to shore. The generalresults indicated that seepage decreased with distancefrom shore (2 of 3 transects), and substantialtemporal and spatial variability was observed inseepage flow from nearshore sediments. In addition,trends in mean monthly integrated seepage rates weresimilar to precipitation patterns measured at a nearbycoastal weather station. Based on these measurements, weestimate that the magnitude of groundwater seepage intothe study area is substantial, representing from 0.23 to4.4 m3 ⋅ sec-1of flow through the sediments, approximately equivalentto a first magnitude spring. Although it is unknown howrepresentative this region is with respect to globalgroundwater discharge, it demonstrates thatgroundwater flow can be as important as riverine andspring discharge in some cases. Our subsurfacedischarge rates suggest groundwater is an importanthydrologic source term for this region and may beimportant to the coastal biogeochemistry as well.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005756528516

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5

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Methane emissions from the Orinoco River floodplain, Venezuela (2000)

Smith, Lesley K. ; Lewis, William M. ; Chanton, Jeffrey P. ; [et al.]

Springer

Biogeochemistry 51 (2000), S. 113-140

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: methane emissions ; tropical floodplains ; Orinoco River ; floodplain forest ; wetlands

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Methane emissions were measured over a 17-monthinterval at 21 locations on the Orinoco fringingfloodplain and upper delta (total area,14,000 km2). Emissions totaled 0.17 Tgyr−1, or 7.1 mmol d−1 (114 mg d−1;standard deviation, ±18%) per m2 of watersurface. Ebullition accounted for 65% of emissions. Emission rates were about five times as high forfloodplain forest as for open water or macrophytemats. Emission rates were positively correlated withcarbon content of sediment and amount of methane inthe water column, and negatively correlated withdissolved oxygen, but the correlations were weak. Emission from floodplain soils occurred only when thewater content of soil exceeded 25%, which occurredwithin 20 m of standing water during floodplaindrainage (3 months/yr). Bare soils emitted 60mmol/day per m of shoreline length; soils covered bystranded macrophyte beds emitted five times thisamount. Total emissions were accounted for primarilyby flooded forest (94%); macrophyte mats, open water,and exposed soils made only small contributions. Theflux-weighted mean δ13C for the floodplainwas −62 ± 8‰; for δD the mean was −271 ± 27‰. The δ13C and δD were negativelycorrelated. Overall emission rates were notably lowerthan for the Amazon. The depth and duration offlooding are considerably less for the Orinoco thanfor the Amazon floodplain; oxygen over sediments isthe rule for the Orinoco but not for the Amazon. TheOrinoco data illustrate the difficulty of generalizingemission rates. Current information for tropicalAmerica, including revised estimates for inundatedarea along the Amazon, indicate that methane emissionsfrom tropical floodplains have been overestimated.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006443429909

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6

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Evaluation of methane oxidation in therhizosphere of a Carex dominated fen in northcentral Alberta, Canada (2000)

Popp, Trevor J. ; Chanton, Jeffrey P. ; Whiting, Gary J. ; [et al.]

Springer

Biogeochemistry 51 (2000), S. 259-281

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: carex ; methane oxidation ; methyl fluoride ; peatlands ; rhizosphere

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Rhizospheric methane oxidation was evaluated at a Carex (spp.) dominated fen in Alberta, Canada overthree growing seasons. Aerobic incubations of bulkpeat and live roots in the laboratory show a clearassociation between active methane oxidizing bacteriaand the rhizosphere. Aerobic incubations also show anoxidation potential that far exceeds methaneproduction potential measured in the laboratory. Quantitative estimates of how this oxidation potentialis expressed in situ depend strongly on which of twocommon approaches are used. (1) Subtracting in situmethane emission rates from methane production ratesmeasured in the laboratory with anaerobic incubationssuggest that methane oxidation may attenuate emissionsby 58 to 92%. (2) Applying the inhibitor methylfluoride (CH3F) to whole plants in situ suggestmethane oxidation attenuates emissions by less than20% seasonally. The production minus emissiontechnique likely overestimates methane oxidationbecause methane production measured via anaerobicincubations in the laboratory are probablyoverestimates. Oxidation percentages measured byCH3F were greatest early in the growing seasonwhen emission rates were low and fell to almostnondetectable levels as emission rates peaked in latesummer. Estimates provided by the CH3F techniquewere generally in better agreement with estimates ofoxidation based on a stable isotope mass balance(0–34%) determined in a companion study (Popp et al. 1999).

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006452609284

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7

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Investigation of the methyl fluoride technique for determining rhizospheric methane oxidation (1997)

LOMBARDI, JOANNE E. ; EPP, MICHELLE A. ; CHANTON, JEFFREY P.

Springer

Biogeochemistry 36 (1997), S. 153-172

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: aquatic marcrophytes ; methane ; methane oxidation ; methyl fluoride ; plant/microbial ; interactions ; rhizosphere

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Methane oxidation rates in the rhizosphere of Pontederia cordata,Sagittaria lancifolia, and Typha latifolia were quantified in fieldstudies using the methyl fluoride inhibition technique. An averageoxidation of 22.9 ± 17.7% (sd,n = 44) was found for all field experiments (oxidation is expressedas a % of total potential emission in the presumedabsence of oxidation). Greenhouse experiments using the same techniquegave an average rhizospheric oxidation of 64.9 ±17.0% (sd, n = 44). Comparison of a subset ofgreenhouse plants with the methyl fluoride (MF) and a light oxic/darkanoxic (LO/DA) technique for suppressing CH4 oxidationyielded similar percentages (57.7 ±15.0% for MF and 58.5 ±13.9% for LO/DA, n = 11). Rhizospheric oxidationdisplayed a seasonal trend in Typha latifolia with decreasingoxidation percentages during warmer months as the importance ofrhizospheric CH4 oxidation declined relative toCH4 emission (46.5 ±13.8% in December and 13.5 ±1.7% in July). However, the absolute rateof methane oxidation was highest during the warmer months (44.2± 3.4 mg m-2 d-1 inDecember and 318.7 ± 151.4 mg m-2d-1 in July). As methane emission rates increased,the sensitivity of the methyl fluoride technique decreased dueto the larger error between replicate flux measurements.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005750201264

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8

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The effect of clipping on methane emissions from Carex (1997)

KELKER, DOROTHY ; CHANTON, JEFFREY

Springer

Biogeochemistry 39 (1997), S. 37-44

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: boreal fen ; gas exchange ; methane emission ; plant mediated gas transport ; wetlands

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to estimate theresistance to methane release of the above-groundportion of Carex, a wetland sedge, and todetermine the locus of methane release from the plant. Measurements conducted on plants clipped to differentheights above the water level revealed that themethane flux from clipped plants was on the order of97% to 111% of control (unclipped) values. Thegreatest increase was observed in the initial fluxmeasurement after the plants had been clipped to aheight of 10 cm. Subsequent measurements on the 10 cmhigh stubble were similar to control values. When theends of plants which had been clipped to 10 cm weresealed, the methane flux was reduced to 65% ofcontrol values. However, sealing had no effect on theflux from plants which were clipped at 15 cm andhigher, indicating that virtually all methane wasreleased on the lower 15 cm of the plants as theyemerged from the water. The results indicate that theabove-ground portions of Carex at our studysite offered only slight resistance to the passage ofmethane, and that the main sites limiting methaneemission are below-ground, at either theporewater-root or root-shoot boundary. We hypothesizethat the transitory increase in flux associated withclipping was due to the episodic release of methaneheld within the plant lacunae. The buildup ofCH4 partial pressure within lacunal spacesovercomes the resistance to gas transport offered byaboveground parts.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005866403120

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