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  • Articles  (130)
  • Geosciences  (130)
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  • 1
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    Untangling climate signals from autogenic changes in long-term peatland development (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-26
    Description: Peatlands represent important archives of Holocene paleoclimatic information. However, autogenic processes may disconnect peatland hydrological behavior from climate and overwrite climatic signals in peat records. We use a simulation model of peatland development driven by a range of Holocene climate reconstructions to investigate climate signal preservation in peat records. Simulated water-table depths and peat decomposition profiles exhibit homeostatic recovery from prescribed changes in rainfall, whereas changes in temperature cause lasting alterations to peatland structure and function. Autogenic ecohydrological feedbacks provide both high- and low-pass filters for climatic information, particularly rainfall: large-magnitude climatic changes of an intermediate temporal scale (i.e., multi-decadal to centennial) are most readily preserved in our simulated peat records. Simulated decomposition signals are offset from the climatic changes that generate them due to a phenomenon known as secondary decomposition. Our study provides the mechanistic foundations for a framework to separate climatic and autogenic signals in peat records.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Mitigating bycatch and depredation of marine mammals in longline fisheries (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-06
    Description: Demersal and pelagic longline fisheries involve frequent and geographically widespread interactions with many individuals, populations, and species of marine mammals. Animals sometimes suffer mortality and serious injury following these interactions, attracted mainly to longlines as a source of food. This depredating behaviour can have serious consequences for fishermen, especially when they lose valuable catch and face other associated operational and regulatory challenges. Using input from a group of international experts in the science, fishing industry, and government sectors, we produced a list of methods for mitigating depredation and bycatch of marine mammals in longline fisheries, collectively assessed their potential as a solution, and determined priorities for further research. The intention of this review is to help synthesize our current understanding about potential solutions, to provide an introduction to the articles that appear in this themed set of the ICES Journal of Marine Science , and to help fishermen, fisheries managers, and research scientists advance solutions to this global problem.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Evolution of Earth's climatic system: Evidence from ice ages, isotopes, and impacts (2013)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: GSA Today
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-08
    Description: ABSTRACT Multiple glaciations took place near the beginning and end of the Proterozoic Eon. Neoproterozoic (Cryogenian) glacial deposits are more widespread than those of older (Paleoproterozoic) glacial episodes. Paleomagnetic results suggest that most Proterozoic glaciogenic rocks were deposited at low paleolatitudes. Some contain enigmatic evidence of strong seasonal temperature variations, and many formed at sea level. These attributes inspired both the snowball Earth hypothesis and the high obliquity theory, but only the latter explains strong seasonality at low latitudes. The Proterozoic glaciations may have been triggered by drawdown of atmospheric CO 2 during enhanced weathering of elevated supercontinents. Multiple glaciations resulted from a negative feedback loop in the weathering system that ended when the supercontinent broke apart. A radical reorganization of the climatic system took place in the Ediacaran Period. In contrast to previous glaciations, these ice sheets developed in high latitudes and many follow mountain building episodes. During the Ediacaran Period, Earth’s climatic zonation and controls appear to have undergone a radical change that persisted throughout the Phanerozoic Eon. The change may coincide with the world’s greatest negative δ 13 C excursion, the Shuram event, here interpreted as the result of a very large marine impact that decreased the obliquity of the ecliptic, causing the Earth’s climatic system to adopt its present configuration. Attendant unprecedented environmental reorganization may have played a crucial role in the emergence of complex life forms.
    Print ISSN: 1052-5173
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 4
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    Using palaeoenvironmental DNA to reconstruct past environments: progress and prospects (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-16
    Description: ABSTRACT Palaeoenvironmental DNA (PalEnDNA) is defined as ancient DNA (aDNA) originating from disseminated genetic material within palaeoenvironmental samples. Sources of PalEnDNA include marine and lake sediments, peat, loess, till, ice, permafrost, palaeosols, coprolites, preserved gut contents, dental calculus, tephras, and soils as well as deposits in caves/rockshelters and at archaeological sites. PalEnDNA analysis provides a relatively new tool for Quaternary and archaeological sciences and its applications have included palaeoenvironmental and palaeodietary reconstructions, testing hypotheses regarding megafaunal extinctions, human–environment interactions, taxonomic studies, and studies of DNA damage. Because PalEnDNA samples comprise markedly different materials, and represent wide-ranging depositional and taphonomic contexts, various issues must be addressed to achieve robust, reproducible findings. Such issues include climatic and temporal limitations, the biological origin and state (free versus bound) of PalEnDNA, stratigraphic reliability, sterile sampling, ability to distinguish modern from aDNA signals, DNA damage and PCR amplification, DNA extraction methods, and taxonomic resolution. In this review, we provide a non-specialist introduction to the use of PalEnDNA for Quaternary and archaeological researchers, assess attributes and limitations of this palaeoenvironmental tool, and discuss future prospects of using PalEnDNA to reconstruct past environments.
    Print ISSN: 0267-8179
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1417
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Nanoprobe crystallographic orientation studies of isolated shield elements of the coccolithophore species Emiliania huxleyi (2014)
    Schweizerbart
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-22
    Description: Coccolithophore algae produce elaborately structured skeletons composed of sub-micrometer-scale calcite crystals. In order to understand calcite crystallization and assembly in a coccosphere with nanoscale resolution, the crystal orientation and interdigitation of the structural units were investigated by transmission electron microscopy imaging, selected-area and nano-probe electron diffraction. Focused ion beam sectioning of coccoliths of the coccolithophore species Emiliania huxleyi is used to obtain target-prepared specimens in suitable orientation. We were able to detect and analyze the V-unit, which is overgrown by the R-unit. For the V-unit the [001] direction points perpendicular to the coccolith plane while the [110] axis is tangential to the coccolith ring. The R-unit c -axis is parallel and the b -axis is perpendicular to the coccolith plane, thus confirming the R- and V-model which was based on scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Furthermore we show that the distal- and the proximal shield element of an individual R-unit of a single segment are tilted by 4° ± 1° with respect to each other. This orientation change is required to obtain the flat domed character of the coccoliths, which is necessary to form the coccosphere. The orientation change between the distal- and the proximal shield element appears continuous.
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Schweizerbart
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  • 6
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    Ozone Design Values in Southern California's Air Basins: Temporal Evolution and U.S. Background Contribution (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-15
    Description: ABSTRACT California's ambient ozone concentrations have two principal contributions: U.S. background ozone and enhancements produced from anthropogenic precursor emissions; only the latter effectively respond to California emission controls. From 1980-2015 ozone has been monitored in eight air basins in Southern California. The temporal evolution of the largest measured concentrations, i.e. those that define the ozone design value (ODV) upon which the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) is based, is described very well by an exponential decrease on top of a positive offset. We identify this offset as the ODV due to the U.S. background ozone (i.e., the concentration that would be present if U.S. anthropogenic precursor emissions were reduced to zero), and is estimated to be 62.0 ± 1.9 ppb in six of the basins. California's emission control efforts have reduced the anthropogenic ozone enhancements by a factor of ~5 since 1980. However, assuming that the current rate of exponential decrease is maintained and that U.S. background ODV remains constant, projections of the past decrease suggests that ~35 years of additional emission control efforts will be required to reach the new NAAQS of 70 ppb in the Los Angeles area. The growing predominance of U.S. background ozone contributions has shifted the maximum ozone concentrations in all air basins from later to earlier in the summer. Comparisons indicate that currently accepted model estimates of U.S. background ozone concentrations in southern California are somewhat underestimated; thus reducing ozone in this region to the 2015 NAAQS may be more difficult than currently expected.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Recruitment of benthic invertebrates in high Arctic fjords: Relation to temperature, depth, and season (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-31
    Description: In the high Arctic, recruitment of hard-bottom benthic organisms has been studied at single locations, but little is known about how it varies spatially or temporally, or how it is influenced by abiotic factors. In this study, settlement plates were simultaneously deployed at five locations in three Svalbard (Norway) fjords at depths ranging from 7 m to 215 m. Recruitment was significantly different among fjords and among locations within a fjord. Recruits at each site co-occurred randomly even though interspecific overgrowth was observed. This finding provides further evidence that there is not necessarily a relationship between non-random co-occurrence and interspecific competition, such as is traditionally assumed for other isolated, island-like habitats. We found significantly lower recruitment in an Arctic-influenced fjord than in more Atlantic-influenced fjords. The abundance and richness of recruits was significantly lower in fall-winter than in spring-summer, but the spirorbid Circeis armoricana recruited in high abundance in fall-winter. Both the abundance and taxonomic richness of recruits declined exponentially with depth, with the hydroid Stegopoma plicatile dominating at 215 m in an Atlantic-influenced fjord. The most abundant recruiting taxa ( C. armoricana , Semibalanus balanoides , Harmeria scutulata , Celleporella hyalina ) can be described as pioneer (early-succession) species. Crustose coralline algae, a slow-growing superior competitor, also recruited at one location. Recruitment in Svalbard is highly variable, both spatially and temporally, and our results show the influence of local factors such as adult species composition.
    Print ISSN: 0024-3590
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5590
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO).
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  • 8
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    High-Impact Hydrologic Events and Atmospheric Rivers in California: An Investigation using the NCEI Storm Events Database (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-06
    Description: Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long, narrow corridors of enhanced integrated water vapor and integrated vapor transport that can result in high-impact hydrologic events (HIHEs) including floods, flash floods, and debris flows. This study examined the relationship between HIHEs and ARs in California for 10 water years using the National Centers for Environmental Information Storm Events Database and a catalog of landfalling ARs provided by Rutz et al. [2013]. Results illustrated that HIHEs related to floods and debris flows are commonly associated with ARs during the cold-season across northern California, whereas HIHEs related to flash floods are commonly not associated with ARs during the warm-season across southern California. Composite analyses illustrated that HIHEs associated with landfalling ARs are associated with synoptic-scale flow patterns that support southwesterly water vapor flux that aligns favorably with California coastal topography to maximize upslope flow and orographic precipitation.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Validity of managing peatlands with fire (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Print ISSN: 1752-0894
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-0908
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 10
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    Petrology and Provenance of Norphlet Formation, Florida Panhandle: ABSTRACT (1988)
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists
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