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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: red drum ; Sciaenops ocellatus ; lipid ; diet ; salinity ; fatty acid ; cold tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous, 6-week feeding trials were conducted in which diets containing menhaden, corn, coconut and hydrogenated menhaden oil at 7.0%, plus a diet containing 14% menhaden oil, were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) at two different salinities (5 and 32%.). Weight gain was significantly (p 〈 0.05) affected by diet and salinity. Fish fed the diet containing 14% menhaden oil had the greatest weight gain; whereas, fish fed the diet containing coconut oil gained the least weight. Fish in brackish water had significantly greater weight gain than fish in full-strength seawater over the 6-week period, although fish fed coconut and saturated menhaden oil in brackish water had reduced survival. Dietary lipid also significantly affected muscle and liver total lipid, hepatosomatic index (HSI), and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio, as fish fed the diets containing 14% menhaden oil had higher values for all of these body condition indices. After the feeding trial, fish were subjected to a chronic cold tolerance assay. In the chronic trial, where temperature was gradually reduced over a 3-week period, fish fed the diets containing menhaden oil had significantly lower median lethal temperatures (MLT) than those fish fed the diets containing coconut, corn and saturated menhaden oils. No significant effects of cold exposure were observed on muscle and liver total lipid. Cold exposure prompted a modification in lipid metabolism by lowering total saturated fatty acids and raising (n − 3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in the neutral lipid of liver. Fish with the lowest MLT in the chronic assay exhibited signs of conserving (n − 3) HUFA and depleting (n − 6) fatty acids [primarily 18:2 (n − 6)], resulting in higher (n − 3)/(n − 6) ratios in the polar lipid of liver. These data suggest that the lower lethal temperature of juvenile red drum can be reduced through dietary manipulation involving the inclusion of high levels of dietary lipid rich in (n − 3) HUFA.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 11 (1993), S. 329-335 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: thyroid hormones ; nutrition ; red drum ; thyroxine ; triiodothyronine ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez de jeunes corbes rouges (Sciaenops ocellatus), élevés à 25°C avec des régimes alimentaires variables, des prélèvements sanguins ont été effectués durant 8 semaines pour étudier les relations existantes entre la croissance et les niveaux des hormones thyroïdiennes. Les taux de croissance maximum sont obtenus grâce aux régimes artificiels et aux régimes simulant la consommation naturelle de crevettes. Parallèlement à ces taux de croissance élevés, on observe une augmentation des niveaux de T3, mais pas de modification nette des niveaux de T4. Une diminution de la ration alimentaire induit une diminution du taux de croissance associé à des niveaux plus faibles de T3, mais pas de T4. Pour vérifier si une augmentation de poids peut être obtenue grâce à une supplémentation hormonale, des additions de T3 et T4 à 2, 10 et 50 mg/kg d'aliment ont été effectuées. Une augmentation significative des niveaux plasmatiques de T3 est observée avec les régimes alimentaires contenant 10 et 50 mg T3/kg, cependant il n'y a pas d'effets anaboliques nets de la T3, et le régime contenant 50 mg T3/kg a été associé à une diminution du gain pondéral. Les régimes alimentaires contenant de la T4 n'a pas d'effet sur la croissance et sur les niveaux de T3 circulants, et présentent de faibles effets sur les niveaux de T4, ce qui indique que la T4 n'est pas absorbée efficacement par l'instestin. La salinité (6–35 ppm) ne modifie pas les réponses aux traitements hormonaux. Les niveaux de T3 sont étroitement liés à la croissance chez les animaux témoins, mais les niveaux de T4 demeurent insensibles aux variations des niveaux d'alimentation. La supplémentation en T3 n'est pas un moyen efficace pour stimuler la croissance du corbe rouge qui suit un régime alimentaire optimisé. Parce que les hormones thyroïdiennes réguleraient le métabolisme intermédiaire chez le corbe rouge, les niveaux endogènes élevés d'hormones thyroïdiennes apparaissent adéquats pour répondre aux besoins tissulaires durant la croissance des juvéniles en élevage.
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) were cultured at 25°C on a variety of diets and blood sampled over eight weeks to examine the relationship between growth and plasma thyroid hormone levels. Maximum growth rates were achieved on formulated experimental diets and a simulated natural shrimp diet. Associated with these maximal rates was a significant increase in triidothyronine (T3), but no consistent change in thyroxine (T4). Reduced rations of diets resulted in low growth rates associated with significantly lowered levels of T3 but not T4. To determine whether weight gain could be increased by application of exogeneous hormone, diets were supplemented with T3 or T4 at 2, 10, and 50 mg hormone/kg diet. Significantly elevated T3 was induced by supplementation with 10 and 50 mg T3/kg diet, although there were no indications of an anabolic effect of T3 incorporation, and 50 mg T3/kg diet was in fact associated with decreased weight gain. Incorporation of T4 into diets had no effect on growth or T3, and had effects on T4 which were small and inconsistent, indicating that T4 may not be effectively absorbed from the gut. No difference was found in response to hormone feeding between low (6 ppt) or high (35 ppt) water salinity. T3 levels thus appear to closely parallel growth in fish on unsupplemented diets, whereas T4 which were small and manipulation. Supplementation with T3 is not an effective means of stimulating growth in red drum fed optimum diets. Whereas thyroid hormones may function to regulate intermediary metabolism in red drum, elevated endogenous thyroid hormone levels appear adequate to supply tissue needs during juvenile growth in culture.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 12 (1994), S. 369-380 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: red drum ; Sciaenops ocellatus ; thyroid hormones ; diet ; growth ; body composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four separate 8-week feeding trials were conducted to assess the effects of supplementing semipurified diets with either triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4) at 0, 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg on growth and body composition of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) held in artificial brackish water (6‰) and artificial seawater (32‰). At both levels of salinity, increasing doses of T3 resulted in fish with reduced weight gain, feed efficiency, condition factor (weight × 100/length3), and muscle ratio (muscle weight × 100/body weight), as well as a lighter body color. Significant (p 〈 0.05) effects of T3 on the proximate composition of whole body, liver, and muscle were variable, generally reflecting decreased lipid and protein storage in liver and muscle, respectively. The two highest doses of T3 given to seawater adapted fish increased survival. Dietary T4 supplementation had no distinctive effects on appearance, growth or proximate body composition. These results indicate that whereas T3 may function to regulate protein and lipid metabolism in red drum, dietary supplementation with T3 leads to a hyperthyroidism-induced catabolic state. The elevated endogenous thyroid hormone levels found in fish fed optimal diets may thus adequately supply tissue needs during juvenile growth.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 12 (1993), S. 221-235 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: red drum ; Sciaenops ocellatus ; essential fatty acids ; (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids ; lipid nutrition ; fatty acid composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Feeding experiments and laboratory analyses were conducted to establish the essential fatty acid (EFA) requirement of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Juvenile red drum were maintained in aquaria containing brackish water (5 ± 2‰ total dissolved solids) for two 6-week experiments. Semipurified diets contained a total of 70% lipid consisting of different combinations of tristearin [predominantly 18:0] and the following fatty acid ethyl esters: oleate, linoleate, linolenate, and a mixture of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) containing approximately 60% eicosapentaenoate plus docosahexaenoate. EFA-deficient diets (containing only tristearin or oleate) rapidly reduced fish growth and feed efficiency, and increased mortality. Fin erosion and a “shock syndrome” also occurred in association with EFA deficiency. Of the diets containing fatty acid ethyl esters, those with 0.5–1% (n-3) HUFA (0.3–0.6% eicosapentaenoate plus docosahexaenoate) promoted the best growth, survival, and feed efficiency; however, the control diet containing 7% menhaden fish oil provided the best performance. Excess (n-3) HUFA suppressed fish weight gain; suppression became evident at 1.5% (n-3) HUFA, and was pronounced at 2.5%. Fatty acid compositions of whole-body, muscle and liver tissues from red drum fed the various diets generally reflected dietary fatty acids, but modifications of these patterns also were evident. Levels of saturated fatty acids appeared to be regulated independent of diet. In fish fed EFA-deficient diets (containing only tristearin or oleate), monoenes increased and (n-3) HUFA were preferentially conserved in polar lipid fractions. Eicosatrienoic acid [20:3(n-9)] was not elevated in EFA-deficient red drum, apparently due to their limited ability to transform fatty acids. Red drum exhibited some limited ability to elongate and desaturate linoleic acid [18:2(n-6)] and linolenic acid [18:3(n-3)]; however, metabolism of 18:3(n-3) did not generally result in increased tissue levels of (n-3) HUFA. Based on these responses, the red drum required approximately 0.5% (n-3) HUFA in the diet (approximately 7% of dietary lipid) for proper growth and health.
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