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  • seawater  (3)
  • nonaqueous solvents  (2)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dissociation constant of acetic acid in N-methylpropionamide from 5 to 55°C and related thermodynamic quantities (1972)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 1 (1972), S. 507-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Acetic acid ; dissociation constant ; N methylpropionamide ; nonaqueous solvents ; solute-solvent interactions ; weak acids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The dissociation constant of acetic acid in N-methylpropionamide (NMP) has been determined at 11 temperatures from 5 to 55°C by measurement of the electromotive force of cells without liquid junction containing hydrogen gas electrodes and silver-silver chloride electrodes. The pK at 25°C was found to be 7.995 (molal scale) as compared with 4.756 in water; thus, acetic acid is much weaker in NMP than in water despite the higher dielectric constant of the nonaqueous solvent (176 as compared with 78.3 at 25°C). The standard changes of enthalpy and entropy for the dissociation of acetic acid were calculated from the temperature coefficient of pK, and thermodynamic functions for the transfer dissociation process were obtained. The weakness of acetic acid in NMP is discussed in terms of electrostatic effects and solute-solvent interactions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651727
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid in HCl/MgCl2 mixtures and HCl/NaCl/MgCl2 mixtures from 5 to 45°C (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 9 (1980), S. 457-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Activity coefficient ; electrolyte mixtures ; Harned coefficient ; hydrochloric acid ; ionic interactions ; magnesium chloride ; seawater
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Magnesium, the dominant bivalent cation in natural seawater, exerts a substantial influence on the patterns of ion interactions in this saline medium. Mean activity coefficients of hydrochloric acid in mixtures of this acid with magnesium chloride at four ionic strengths, namelyI=0.1, 0.3809, 0.6729, and 0.8720 mole-kg−1, were obtained from emf measurements of cells without liquid junction at nine temperatures from 5 to 45°C. The three highest ionic strengths correspond to seawater of salinities 20, 35, and 45‰, respectively. In addition, mixtures of HCl, NaCl, and MgCl2 were studied atI=0.6729, the molal ratio of NaCl to MgCl2 being maintained at 7.202 as in natural seawater. The Harned coefficients α1 2 were found to decrease slowly with increase in temperature. The trace activity coefficient of HCl in solutions of MgCl2 as well as in NaCl MgCl2 mixtures was found to be nearly identical with that measured earlier in synthetic seawater of the same ionic strength but containing NaCl, MgCl2, KCl, and CaCl2.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647736
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Conductance of tetraalkylammonium salts in propylene carbonate at 25°C (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 7 (1978), S. 631-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Association of ions ; conductivity ; dissociation ; ionization ; ion pairing ; nonaqueous solvents ; propylene carbonate ; solute-solvent effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Conductance measurements of 12 quaternary ammonium salts in propylene carbonate (PC) have been made at 25°C. The cations were either tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, or tetra-n-butylammonium, and the concentrations of salt varied from about 2×10−4 to 5×10−3 M. The data were analyzed by the equation of Pitts. The results showed that the benzoate, nitrobenzoate, and pentachlorophenolate salts are completely dissociated. The nitrophenolate, chlorophenolate, methylsulfonate, and nitrate salts are only slightly associated (K A from 2.5 to 6.5), while the acetate, phenylacetate, and nitrophenolate salts display somewhat more extensive association, with ionpair association constants from 17 to 45. Limiting molar conductances for the anions were derived. The factors affecting ionic mobilities in this dipolar aprotic solvent are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646040
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Calculation of the osmotic and activity coefficients of seawater at 25°C (1972)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 1 (1972), S. 481-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Activity coefficient ; osmotic coefficient ; seawater
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The equation of Reilly, Wood, and Robinson was used to predict the osmotic coefficient of seawater and of its concentrates at molal ionic strengths of 0.5 to 6.0 at 25°C. The results agree closely with experimental data at ionic strengths below 5. The average difference in osmotic coefficients over the entire concentration range is 0.0014. The only serious discrepancy is at an ionic strength of 6, where a difference of 0.0068 is found. The accuracy of the predictions of osmotic coefficients prompted the calculation of the activity coefficients of NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, KCl, and K2SO4 in the mixture. The calculated activity coefficients of NaCl and Na2SO4 agree within experimental error with previous measurements. This agreement demonstrates the prediction of activity and osmotic coefficients for complex mixtures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651724
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Osmotic coefficients of aqueous sodium carbonate solutions at 25°C (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 8 (1979), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Activity coefficient ; isopiestic vapor pressure measurements ; osmotic coefficient ; sodium carbonate ; seawater ; solubilities
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Isopiestic vapor pressure measurements are reported for aqueous sodium carbonate solutions at 25°C using sodium chloride as reference electrolyte. Osmotic and activity coefficients are calculated from the concentrations of the solutions in isopiestic equilibrium. The results are used to calculate the trace activity coefficients of carbonate ion in sodium chloride solutions; these should approximate the trace activity coefficient of carbonate ion in seawater. The solubility of sodium carbonate in water at 25°C has been determined.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646807
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