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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect sex pheromones: Evaporation rates of alcohols and acetates from natural rubber septa (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 627-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect sex pheromones ; insect sex attractants ; Lepidoptera ; pheromones ; pheromone formulations ; insect population monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The half-lives (t 1/2) of alcohol sex pheromones, 1-alkanols, acetate sex pheromones, and an epoxide (disparlure) were determined on natural rubber septa. Thet 1/2 values for the homologous alcohols from decanol to heptadecanol increased regularly from 2.2 to 1117 days, but thet 1/2 of octadecanol was 609 days. Thet 1/2 values of (Z)7-, (E)7-, and (Z)9-tetradecen-1-ol acetates were 154, 168, and 199 days, respectively, whereas those of five other tested 14-carbon acetates ranged from 310 to 350 days. The dependence oft 1/2 values on chain length and double-bond position is consistent with the hypothesis that molecular size is an important variable affectingt 1/2 values. Also, in accordance with the hypothesis, when aZ-alkenyl compound has a much shortert 1/2 than the corresponding saturated compound, thet 1/2 values of theZ compound and itsE isomer may be quite different. Thus, (E)-9-tetradecen-l-ol acetate had at 1/2 of 331 days. Thet 1/2 of disparlure was 180 days. The effect of thecis-7,8 epoxide group is apparently similar to that of the olefin group in lowering thet 1/2 below the value that would be expected solely on the basis of chain length.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987710
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect sex pheromones: Determination of half-lives from formulations by collection of emitted vapor (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1491-1502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect attractants ; pheromone formulations ; pheromone evaporation rate ; sex pheromones ; Lepidoptera pheromones ; measuring pheromone evaporation ; silanized silica gel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new method for determining half-lives for the evaporation of sex pheromones from formulations has been developed. A previously unexploited mathematical relationship makes possible the determination of half-lives of over 1000 days by collecting evaporated pheromone for 1–4 hr and measuring the amount collected and the amount left in the formulation. Purified nitrogen flows over the test material and the evaporated pheromone is qualitatively collected on an adsorbent of 80–100 mesh silica gel silanized with octadecyltrichlorosilane. Quantitation is by gas chromatography. Quantitative mass balance was achieved and half-lives determined by this new method are in agreement with half-lives previously determined by measuring the amount of pheromone left in septa after a sequence of time intervals. Previously undetermined half-lives for acetates and alcohols are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988515
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Codling moth (Cydia pomonella): Disruptants of sex pheromonal communication (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Codling moth ; Cydia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; communication disruption ; mating disruption ; sex pheromone ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; (Z,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; dodecan-1-ol ; tetradecan-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a small section of an apple orchard, six traps were placed each in control and test areas and baited with live virgin female codling moths. Gray elastomer septa were used to dispense communication disruptants around the traps. Dyed male codling moths were released in control and test areas, and the numbers of males captured in control and test traps were compared. In 1991, linear regression curves of percent communication disruption versus logarithm of dose were obtained for three compositions: (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, codlemone (1); codlemone + dodecan-1-ol + tetradecan-1-ol (2); and an equilibrium mixture of the four isomers of 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (30, (61%EE, 14%ZE, 20%EZ, and 5%ZZ). All three regressions gaver 2 values greater than 0.90. At the 95% confidence limits, slopes and intercepts of compositions 1 and 2 were equivalent, and different from that of composition 3, which produced the greatest percentages of disruption at all doses. In 1992, five treatments were compared at a single dose: 1, 3, none (4), (Z,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (5), (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (6). Compositions 5 and 6 gave the greatest and similar percentages of disruption and were different from codlemone (1) and 4 (95% confidence), but not from composition 3. Communication disruption produced by composition 3 was greater than (codlemone), which was greater than 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065999
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance characteristics of a commercial controlled-release dispenser of sex pheromone for control of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) by mating disruption (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2177-2189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; codling moth ; Cydia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; controlled release ; mating disruption ; dodecan-1-ol ; tetradecan-1-ol ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Performance characteristics of polyethylene tube dispensers containing a mixture of (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (1), dodecan-1-ol (2), and tetradecan-1-ol (3) were evaluated for suitability as a mating disruptant for codling moth control. The rate of loss of pheromone component from a dispenser at any time was found to be described by the equation: −dP/dt=(k 1 k 2 +k d)P whereP is the amount of pheromone component in the dispenser well;t is time;k 1 is the ratio of the amount dissolved in the dispenser wall to the amount in the dispenser well;k 1 is the ratio of the evaporation rate to the amount dissolved in the dispenser wall;k d is the rate constant for chemical decomposition. The evaporation rate,E, of a pheromone component at any time was given by:E=k 1 k 2 P For all three components during the first three weeks,k 1 decreased from ca. 0.25 to ca. 0.10 and was approximately constant thereafter. The decrease ofk 1 with time may have been caused by weather-induced cross-linking of the polyethylene. Over timek 2 was constant and was 1.27 ± 0.26 × 10−3/hr for1, 1.96 ± 0.33 × 10su−3/hr for 2, and 0.31± 0.05 × 10−3/hr for 3. Thek 2 was zero for2 and3 and 6.96 × 10−4 for1. After 150 days in an orchard in 1991, 95% of1 was lost from the dispensers (61% of the loss was by chemical decomposition and 39% by evaporation). The heat summation units in a Yakima valley orchard during 1991 were 4.7% above the average for the 1980–1991 period, while during 1990 they were the highest for this period (26% above average). After the first three weeks of dispenser aging, the regression line half-lives for1 for 1990 and 1991 were 31.0 and 35.1 days, respectively. The difference in temperature between 1990 and 1991 did not affect the half-life of1 very much because so much of the loss was from photochemically induced decomposition. Based on an estimate of the required minimum evaporation rate for mating disruption of 2 mg/ha-hr and a half-life of 35 days for1, 2345 dispensers/ha would be required for one application per season; 944 dispensers/ha for two applications per season; and 734 dispensers/ha for three applications per season. If a different emission rate of1 is required for reliable mating disruption, then the number of dispensers required would be changed proportionately.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984945
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect sex pheromones (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 825-837 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect sex pheromones ; insect sex attractants ; Lepidoptera pheromones ; pheromone formulations ; insect population monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The half-lives (tin1/2) of acetate sex pheromones andn-alkyl acetates were determined on either or both West Co. and Arthur H. Thomas Co. natural rubber septa. These septa gave equal half-lives. Thet 1/2 values covered a large range: e.g.,t 1/2 for decyl acetate was 5 days and that for pentadecyl acetate was 1353 days. The expected linear relationship between Int 1/2 versus the number of carbon atoms was found for the six acetates fromn-decyl to pentadecyl, but thet 1/2 of hexadecyl acetate was only 478 days. This nonlinearity in the plot is attributed to the presence of polymer cross-links which create molecular size cages and produce an effect similar to that produced in gel permeation chromatography wherein large molecules elute faster than smaller ones. Thet 1/2 of 4 monounsaturated acetates were close to thet 1/2 for the corresponding saturated acetates, but this relationship may not be general. The half-life of one nonconjugated diunsaturated acetate was much less than that for the corresponding monounsaturated acetate, whereas the half-life of another nonconjugated diunsaturated acetate was similar to the half-life of the corresponding monounsaturated acetate. Thet 1/2 values determined for the pheromones may be used to estimate evaporation rates, the length of time the evaporation rates will be within a given range, and, with multicomponent pheromones, the ratio of components in the vapor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986567
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of male codling moths (Cydia pomonella) to components of conspecific female sex pheromone glands in flight tunnel tests (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1737-1748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Codling moth ; Cydia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; flight tunnel ; mating disruption ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; (E)-9-dodecen-1-ol ; decan-1-ol ; dodecan-1-ol ; tetradecan-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In flight tunnel tests, the percentages of oriented upwind flights of male codling moths culminating in contacting a source of different compositions of female sex pheromone gland components were determined over a dosage range of 0.1–100,000Μg. The following compositions were tested: (1) (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol of 99.7% isomeric purity; (2) 1 + dodecanl-ol + tetradecan-1-ol; (3) 2 + decan-1-ol + (E)-9-dodecen-1-ol; and (4) an equilibrium mixture of 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol isomers (61%EE, 5%ZZ, 14%ZE, and 20%EZ). The ratios of the components in compositions 2 and 3 were chosen to produce vapor ratios equal to the natural ratios found in the female effluvium by Arn and coworkers. As the dose of composition 1 was increased from 0.1 to 10Μg, response increased from 0 to about 80% and then was approximately constant from 10 to 300Μg. Over the range 0.1–300Μg, the percentage of males contacting the septum was virtually the same as the percentage flying upwind. From 300 to 100,000Μg, the percentage of males flying upwind and contacting the source steadily decreased from about 80 to 0%. The male responses to compositions 2 and 3 were virtually identical to the response to 1. These results indicate, contrary to published reports, that dodecan-1-ol and tetradecan-1-ol in combination with 1 do not increase the responses of the behavioral modes determining degree of attractancy and disruption of sexual communication over that of 1 alone. These results also show that decan-1-ol and (E)-9-dodecen-1-ol do not enhance response in the five-component mixture. The response to composition 4 increased from 0% at a dose of 0.3Μg to 26% at a dose of 30Μg and then decreased to 0% at a dose of 3000Μg. Thus, the inhibiting effect of the isomers on response was greater at the higher doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982304
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