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  • 1
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    Interplanetary proton fluence model - JPL 1991 (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We describe an updated predictive engineering model for the interplanetary fluence of protons with energies respectively greater than 1, 4, 10, 30, and 60 MeV. This has been the first opportunity to derive a model from a data set that has been collected in space over a long enough period of time to produce a valid sample of solar proton events. The model provides a quantitative basis for estimating the exposures to solar protons of spacecraft during missions of varying length and of surfaces and atmospheres of solar system objects. The data sets contain several major proton events comparable to the 1972 event. For the cases of the over 10 and over 30 MeV particles, the fluences are somewhat lower than in our earlier model No over 1, over 4, and over 60 MeV proton fluence models have been published in the literature previously. We present our results in a convenient graphical form which may be used to calculate the 1 AU fluence expected at a given confidence level as a function of the length of the exposure. A method of extending this estimate to other heliocentric distances is described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 98; A8; p. 13,281-13,294.
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  • 2
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    Modulation of low-energy galactic cosmic rays over solar maximum /cycle 20/. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Low-energy (about 60 MeV/nucleon) galactic cosmic rays observed during the recent period of solar maximum are reviewed. For this particular cycle, a significant time lag between intensity changes in the low-energy and high-energy components has been observed. Several possible explanations of this 'hysteresis effect' are discussed. The cosmic-ray intensity gradients provided by Pioneer 10 are soon to be available and are expected to provide a more definite clue to this process of cosmic-ray modulation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Dec. 1
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  • 3
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    Observations of the scatter-free solar-flare electrons in the energy range 20-1000 keV (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Observations of the scatter-free electron events from solar active region McMath No. 8905 are presented. The measurements were made on Explorer 33 satellite. The data show that more than 80% of the electrons from these events undergo no or little scattering and that these electrons travel only approximately 1.5 a.u. between the sun and the earth. The duration of these events cannot be accounted fully by velocity dispersion alone. It is suggested that these electrons could be continuously injected into interplanetary medium for a time interval of approximately 2 to 3 minutes. Energy spectra of these electrons are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Goddard Space Flight Center Contrib. to the Twelfth Intern. Conf. on Cosmic Rays; p 65-70
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  • 4
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    The modulation of low energy galactic cosmic rays over solar maximum (cycle 20) (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A preliminary report is presented on detailed observations of low energy approximately (60 MeV/nucleon) galactic cosmic rays made during the recent period of solar maximum. For this particular cycle a significant time lag between intensity changes in the low energy and high energy components was observed. There are a number of possible explanations of this hysteresis effect. In the simplest form these include either changes in the form of the magnetic field power spectrum or changes in the size of the effective modulating region, or both.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-65989 , X-660-72-292
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  • 5
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    The coronal transport of the flare associated scatter free electrons (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A total of 11 scatter-free electron events from McMath plage region 8905 were observed by IMP 4 during the period from 29 July to 3 August 1967. The transit times and duration of these electron events are examined in detail. The duration of 170- to 1000-keV electrons shows a strong dependence upon the heliolongitude of the associated flare. Typical values of the duration full width at half maximum vary from 4 min at 50 deg W to 12 min at 10 deg and 90 deg W heliolongitudes. In addition, the difference in times at which the maximum intensities of the 22- to 45-keV and 170- to 1000-keV electrons occur is observed to change from 18 min near 50 deg W to 13 min at 10 deg and 90 deg W heliolongitudes. An idealized two-dimensional diffusion model for the transport of these electrons in the solar corona is proposed. The 22- to 45-keV electrons escape promptly from flare site to the feet of the interplanetary magnetic field lines, whereas 170- to 1000-keV electrons suffer slight scattering. The diffusion coefficient for 170- to 1000-keV electrons is estimated to be 3 X 10 to the 18th power sq cm/sec. Finally, a possible relation between the scatter-free and the classical diffusive-type electron events is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-65887 , X-661-72-76
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  • 6
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    A catalogue of solar cosmic ray events: IMPS 4 and 5, May 1967 - December 1972 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This catalogue of solar cosmic ray events has been prepared for the use of solar physicists and other interested scientists. It contains some 185 solar particle events detected by the Goddard Space Flight Center Cosmic Ray Experiments on IMP's IV and V (Explorer 34 and 41) for the period May 1967 - December 1972. The data is presented in the form of hourly averages for three proton energy intervals - 0.9 - 1.6 MeV; 6 - 20 MeV and 20 - 80 MeV. In addition the time histories of .5 - 1.1 MeV electrons are shown on a separate scale. To assist in the identification of related solar events, the onset time of the electron event is indicated. The details of the instrumentation and detector techniques are described. Further descriptions of data reduction procedure and on the time-history plots are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70629 , X-661-74-27
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  • 7
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    Cyclotron resonant scattering in gamma-ray bursts - Further analysis of GB880205 (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: We have extended our previous work by exploring several plane-parallel slab geometries to model the formation of cyclotron line features. We calculated the Compton temperature T(C) as a function of column density Ne for each of the new geometries. We then fit the resulting spectra to GB880205 exactly as described in Wang et al. (1989). The results show that the addition of column depth below the photon source plane leads to a modest improvement in chi-squared which, although not statistically significant, is pleasing because these geometries are more physically realistic.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 216-220.
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  • 8
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    Cyclotron resonant scattering in the spectra of gamma-ray bursts (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Fits of theoretical spectra from Monte Carlo radiation-transfer calculations to dips at approximately 20 and 40 keV in a spectrum of the gamma-ray burst source GB 880 205 give best-fit values and 68 percent-confidence intervals for the magnetic field of (1.71 + or - 0.07) x 10 to the 12th G, the electron density of (1.2 + or - 0.6) x 10 to the 21st electrons/cm-squared, and the cosine of the viewing angle relative to the field of 0.31 + or - 0.05. The dips observed at approximately 20 keV in the spectra are interpreted as cyclotron resonant scattering, in which electrons undergo radiative 0 to 1 to 0 Landau transitions initiated by photons near the first harmonic. Physical self-consistency fixes the temperature, and the equilibrium temperature equals 5.3 + 0.3 or - 0.2 keV. These results suggest that this gamma-ray burst and many others which exhibit a low-energy dip originate from strongly magnetic neutron stars and are galactic in origin.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 63; 1550-155
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  • 9
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    Cyclotron resonant scattering in the spectra of gamma-ray bursts (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Data on the GB880205 gamma-ray bursts are presented that have implications for the nature of gamma-ray burst sources. It is shown that cyclotron resonant scattering and Raman scattering account well for the positions, strengths, and shapes of the relative strengths of the first and second harmonics and their narrow widths. These results imply the existence of a superstrong (B of about 2 x 10 to the 12th G) magnetic field in the vicinity of the X-ray emission region of GB880205. Such a superstrong magnetic field points to a strongly magnetic neutron star as the origin of gamma-ray bursts, and to the fact that the gamma-ray sources belong to the Galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: New York Academy of Sciences, Annals (ISSN 0077-8923); 571; 460-481
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  • 10
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    The modulation of low energy galactic cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: It has been clearly established by several different experiments that following the last solar maximum (about 1969), there was a significant phase lag or hysteresis effect between changes in the low rigidity galactic cosmic rays and the high rigidity components. It was possible to explain this in terms of the diffusion-convection-modulation theory by varying either the diffusion coefficient or the size of the modulation region as a function of time. During the ensuing recovery phase of the solar modulated spectra, at the mid point toward the minimum of the solar activity, new striking features have been observed, and these new observations are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 17, 1973 - Aug 30, 1973; Denver, CO
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