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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The populations of interplanetary particles were studied by examining the energy spectra in a cosmic ray detector placed in the shade, facing away from the sun. Suprathermal ions of solar origin, and low-energy galactic cosmic rays are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 30; Apr. 2
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: At the orbit of Skylab, steeply falling energy spectra of nuclei with atomic numbers of at least 8 and energies between about 10 and 40 MeV/amu at intensities much higher than seen outside the magnetosphere were observed. The composition is consistent with that of the solar corona. It is suggested that heavy solar-wind ions enter the magnetosphere, are accelerated, and populate the inner radiation belt.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 35; Aug. 25
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Using Lexan and glass detectors, the composition of solar particles with atomic number 2 or greater was determined as a function of energy from approximately 0.2 to 50 MeV/nucleon in four flares of quite different intensity and during a time when the sun was nearly quiet. Fe is nearly completely stripped. The enhancement factor increases with atomic number at a given energy but decreases with energy. Heavy element enhancements are detectable at higher energies in stronger flares. They occurred in ancient as well as in present-day flares. We have observed Li and Be in one flare. Incomplete ionization, preferential leakage of heavy ions, energy loss by ionization, and nuclear reactions appear to be involved in solar particle production.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 17, 1973 - Aug 30, 1973; Denver, CO
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: With stacks of Lexan and cellulose triacetate exposed outside the lunar modules on Apollo 16 and 17, a study was made of the spectra and composition of low-energy particles in interplanetary space. For the period from Apr. 16 to 23, 1972 (Apollo 16), measurements were made of the spectra of the elements 6 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 28 at energies 40 less than or equal to E less than or equal to 150 MeV/nucleon. For the period from Dec. 11 to 13, 1972 (Apollo 17), a study was made of CNO, NeMgSi, and elements with Z greater than 16 at energies 5 less than or equal to E less than or equal to 40 MeV/nucleon. Using the abundance of charges 17 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 25 relative to iron as a tracer, it is found that the bulk of the heavy particles in interplanetary space at E greater than 10 MeV/nucleon are of galactic rather than solar origin. The relative abundances of the various charge groups are independent of energy from about 2 GeV/nucleon down to about 30 MeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 17, 1973 - Aug 30, 1973; Denver, CO
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Lexan track detectors with large collecting power were exposed inside and outside Skylab during late 1973 and early 1974. Steeply falling energy spectra of nuclei with Z greater than or equal to 8 and energies between 10 and 40 MeV were observed at intensities much higher than those observed outside the magnetosphere. Four possible sources (solar flare particles; low-energy cosmic rays; the anomalous component of low-energy cosmic rays; particles trapped in the inner Van Allen belt) are examined using Skylab particle flux data outside the magnetosphere and other measurements. The composition is found to be most consistent with that of the solar corona. It is suggested that heavy solar wind ions enter the magnetosphere, are accelerated, and populate the inner radiation belt.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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