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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of predator odors as repellents to reduce feeding damage by herbivores (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 363-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anal-gland compounds ; 2-propylthietane ; 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane ; stoat ; vole ; red fox urine ; feces ; 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline ; crop protection ; feeding suppression ; orchard ; interspecific communication ; kairomones ; predator odors ; Microtus spp. ; Vulpes vulpes ; mustelids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the influence of the major anal-gland compounds from the stoat (Mustela erminea) and fecal and urine compounds from the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in generating an avoidance response by montane voles (Microtus montanus), as well as suppressing feeding by montane and meadow (M. pennsylvanicus) voles on apple trees in orchards. In trap bioassays, a 1∶1 mixture of 2-propylthietane and 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane significantly reduced vole captures. Other mixtures of stoat compounds reduced the number of new voles captured but not total individuals. 2,5-Dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline, a component of fox feces, significantly reduced vole captures in one of two bioassays. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) did not show a negative response to any predator odor. In overwinter field bioassays, mixtures of 2-propylthietane and 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane clearly reduced vole feeding on apple trees in four test blocks. 2,5-Dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline and a synthetic fox urine mixture also significantly reduced vole attack in respective orchard blocks. Similarly, the intensity of vole feeding, in terms of amount of bark and vascular tissues removed from trees, was reduced by 60% to 97% in predator odor treatments compared with the control. Our study reports the first long-term (four to five months) use of synthetic semiochemicals as area repellents for crop protection from vole feeding damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01022552
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cover and efficacy of predator-based repellents for Townsend's voleMicrotus townsendii (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 401-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Wildlife damage ; Townsend's vole ; Microtus townsendii ; predator odors ; repellents ; cover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Predator-based repellents have been used experimentally to control wildlife damage in both agriculture and forestry, but they have not always been effective. We examined the relative importance of cover and predator odors in forage patch selection by Townsend's vole,Microtus townsendii, and its behavior related to cover and predator cues. Experiments were conducted in which forage patch and area choices were related to available habitat alternatives. Outdoor enclosures were divided into halves: one side was treated and the other used as a control. Treatments consisting of “cover,” “repellent,” and “cover plus repellent” were compared to controls (no cover, no repellent). In the absence of cover, voles preferred to feed on the side without repellents. When cover was present, voles preferred to feed on the side with cover, regardless of whether or not repellents were present. Voles visited more feeding stations on the side without cover when repellents and cover were present than they visited during cover-only treatments. These additional feeding stations, visited outside of cover, were used only lightly as food sources. The amounts of oats eaten by voles decreased with increasing distance from cover. This inverse relationship had a steeper slope in coveronly treatments compared to cover plus repellent treatments. A selection model based on forage patch selection and a habitat preference hierarchy is proposed. We conclude that predator odors are effective as repellents, but their efficacy depends on habitat conditions. Managers intending to use predator-based repellents must ensure that alternative sites available to pests are better quality habitat than in areas to be protected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994341
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laboratory Evaluation of Predator Odors for Eliciting an Avoidance Response in Roof Rats (Rattus rattus) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 49-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Laboratory bioassay ; Rattus rattus ; roof rats ; avoidance behavior ; mustelids ; anal-gland compounds ; red fox urine ; feces ; Vulpes vulpes ; mongoose ; Herpestes auropunctatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated eight synthetic predator odors and mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) feces for eliciting avoidance responses and/or reduced feeding by wild captured Hawaiian roof rats (Rattus rattus). In a bioassay arena, we recorded: (1) time until each rat entered the arena, (2) time elapsed until first eating bout, (3) time spent in each half of the arena, (4) number of eating bouts, and (5) consumption. Rats displayed a response to the predator odors in terms of increased elapsed time before initial arena entry and initial eating bout, a lower number of eating bouts, and less food consumption than in the respective control groups. The odor that produced the greatest differences in response relative to the control group was 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dithiolane [from red fox (Vulpes vulpes) feces and mustelid anal scent gland]. Mongoose fecal odor produced different responses in four of the five variables measured while (E,Z)-2,4,5-trimethyl-Δ3-thiazoIine (red fox feces) and 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one (red fox urine and feces) odors were different from the control group in three of the five variables measured. These laboratory responses suggest that wild Hawaiian roof rats avoid predator odors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022384728170
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field Testing Synthetic Predator Odors for Roof Rats (Rattus Rattus) in Hawaiian Macadamia Nut Orchards (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 603-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Field bioassay ; macadamia nut orchards ; Macadamia integrifolia ; Hawaii ; roof rats ; Rattus rattus ; 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dithiolane ; (E,Z)-2,4,5-trimethyl-Δ3-thiazoline ; radio telemetry ; mark–recapture ; populations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were conducted to determine whether the synthetic predator odors 3,3-dimethyl-l,2-dithiolane (DMDIT) and (E,Z)-2,4,5-tri-methyl-Δ3-thiazoline (TMT) were effective at eliciting a behavioral response in wild roof rats (Rattus rattus). The study site was a Hawaiian macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifotia) orchard with a recent history of roof rat feeding damage. The synthetic predator odors were encapsulated in urethane devices secured to tree branches. Mark-recapture data from live-trapping of rats and radio telemetry location data were used to assess behavioral responses of rats to the predator odors. Mark–recapture data indicated that DMDIT and TMT had no effect on capture numbers, reproduction, or body weight of rats. There was some indication that distribution of captures and number of locations relative to treated trees in TMT areas were less than in controls, but this pattern was not significant. The predator odors had no effect on home range or median distance from center of activity (MDIS) of rats as measured by telemetry. There was a trend of increasing values of MDIS on TMT areas in session 1 but not session 2. Overall we could not detect significant differences or consistent trends in responses of rats to DMDIT or TMT in these field trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022304917652
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of predator odors as repellents to reduce feeding damage by herbivores (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 903-919 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bioassays ; conifer seedlings ; crop protection ; feeding activity ; herbivores ; Lepus americanus ; predator odors ; repellent ; snowshoe hare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of predator odors (fecal, urine, and anal scent gland) in suppressing feeding damage by snowshoe hares was investigated in pen bioassays at the University of British Columbia Research Forest, Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada. A total of 28 bioassay trials tested the effects of these odors on hare consumption of willow browse and coniferous seedlings. Lynx and bobcat feces, weasel anal gland secretion, and lynx, bobcat, wolf, coyote, fox, and wolverine urines resulted in the most effective suppression of hare feeding damage. Novel odors of domestic dog urine and 2-methylbutyric acid did not reduce feeding. A field bioassay with lodgepole pine seedlings and weasel scent provided significant results comparable to the pen bioassays. The short-term (up to seven days) effectiveness of these treatments was more likely due to evaporative loss of the active repellent components of a given odor than habituation of hares to the stimulus. Predator odors as repellents have a biological basis compared with the anthropomorphic origins of commercial repellents. When encapsulated in weather-proof controlled-release devices, these odors could provide long-term protection for forestry plantations and agricultural crops which experience hare/rabbit feeding damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012077
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of predator odors as repellents to reduce feeding damage by herbivores (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 921-935 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Herbivores ; feeding damage ; black-tailed deer ; Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ; repellents ; predator odors ; feces ; urine ; scent gland compounds ; forest and agricultural crops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of predator odors (fecal and urine) in suppressing feeding damage by black-tailed deer was investigated in pen bioassays at the University of British Columbia Research Forest, Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada. A total of eight bioassay trials tested the effects of these odors on deer consumption of salal leaves and coniferous seedlings. Cougar, coyote,and wolf feces as well as coyote, wolf, fox, wolverine, lynx, and bobcat urines provided the most effective suppression of deer feeding damage. Novel odors of ammonia and human urine did not reduce feeding. Predator fecal odor formulations in direct foliar application, adhesive application, and in plastic vials were all effective in suppressing deer feeding. Of all urines tested, coyote provided the most consistent suppression of deer browsing on salal. Deer consumed significantly more untreated Douglas fir and western red cedar seedlings than those protected by coyote urine odor. The active repellent components of predator odors which suppress deer feeding may be suitable for encapsulation in controlled-release devices which could provide long-term protection for forest and agricultural crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012078
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