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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (12)
  • preparation  (4)
  • synthesis  (4)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Light scattered from a macromolecular solution in a capillary tube is used to determine both the sedimentation and translational diffusion coefficients. The capillary tube is spun in a preparative centrifuge, removed, and placed in a light-scattering photometer equipped with a scanning mechanism. The intensity distribution of scattered light along the tube represents the concentration profile in the tube and provides the measure of boundary migration. The sedimentation coefficient is determined from this measure and the applied centrifugal field. The diffusion coefficient is obtained from a time-autocorrelation analysis of fluctuations in intensity of light scattered from any fixed point of the profile. These coefficients were obtained for two monodisperse systems, R17 bacteriophage and 28s ribosomal rat liver RNA. The molecular weights obtained from ratios of these coefficients are in good agreement with literature values. In the sedimentation analysis, deviations from linearity between boundary displacement and applied field were found to be less than 1%. This precision confirms that the boundary is stable for the capillary geometry even in the absence of a preformed density gradient. The sedimentation coefficients of identical samples were also measured with the Spinco Model E analytical ultracentrifuge; results of the two methods agree to within 4%.As a consequence of the capillary tube geometry and light-scattering detection, sedimentation coefficients can be obtained from sample volumes of less than 100 μl. This detection techniques is thus far demonstrated to be at least an order of magnitude more sensitive than Schlieren optics, thereby useful when uv absorption is not applicable. For diffusion measurements there are also several inherent advantages. The diffusion coefficient is obtained from the identical sample, and scanning provides the capability to measure D from various parts of the sedimentation profiles and thereby directly explore concentration dependence, homogeneity, and integrity of the sample. The capillary tube with a layer of silicone oil over the sample and centrifugation provides an effective method to cleanse the solution and trap all dust.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 601-616 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Flame spraying of aluminaCeramic coatings produced by the flame spraying process are intended to protect the basic material against corrosion, erosion and oxidation as well as to act as a thermal barrier. For this purpose, alumina was found to be particularly well suited because of its high melting point, hardness, chemical resistance and other favourable properties. With this material as a model substance, the basic processes encountered with the spraying of ceramic powders have been investigated. The investigations comprised the melting process in the flame jet, the composition, lattice structure and physical properties of the spray coating, and the adhesion of the latter on pure metals and alloys with different surface roughness conditions.Although the porosity of these coatings is small, it prevents them from offering complete protection against corrosion and oxidation. But the protection effect can be enhanced by using resistant intermediate metal or enamel layers, and by stabilizing the sprayed coating. Owing to their high abrasion resistance and thermal barrier effect, these coatings have already found a wide field of application.
    Notes: Nach dem Flammspritzverfahren hergestellte keramische Überzüge haben die Aufgabe, das Grundmaterial gegen Korrosion, Erosion and Oxydation zu schützen sowie als Wärmeschranke zu wirken. Besonders geeignet erweist sich hierfür Aluminiumoxyd wegen seines hohen Schmelzpunktes, seiner Härte, seiner chemischen Resistenz und anderer günstiger Eigenschaften. Mit diesem Material als Modellsubstanz wurden die grundlegenden Vorgänge beim Spritzen von Keramik-Pulvern verfolgt. Die Untersuchungen erstreckten sich auf den Schmelzvorgang im Flammstrahl, auf den Aufbau, die Gitterstruktur und die physikalischen Eigenschaften der Spritzschicht sowie auf deren Haftung auf Reinmetallen und Legierungen mit verschiedener Oberflächenaufrauhung.Die Überzüge bieten wegen ihrer, wenn auch geringen Porosität keinen vollständigen Schutz gegen Korrosion und Oxydation. Durch Verwendung von resistenten Zwischenschichten aus Metall oder Email und durch Stabilisierung der Spritzschicht kann die Schutzwirkung jedoch erhöht werden. Auf Grund ihrer Abriebfestigkeit und ihrer wärmedämmenden Wirkung haben die Überzüge bereits ein weites Anwendungsgebiet gefunden.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 653-660 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The products of the atmospheric corrosion of some common metalsThe layers of corrosion products formed by atmospheric corrosion upon copper, zinc, and iron are essentially composed of crystallized products most of which have been known as ore minerals; further possible relations of this type are pointed out in Table 2. Upon aluminium, however, amorphous layers are formed which have been little explored so far. The author distinguishes between two different layers: (1) the primary oxide layers (passivation layers), the thickness of which is about 10-7 cm and which are directly and in general with a defined crystallographic orientation (epitaxy) intergrown with the crystallites of the metallic substrate; (2) the secondary layers which are much thicker and the chemical gross composition and phase composition are largely determined by impurities in the atmosphere.
    Notes: Die atmosphärisch gebildeten Korrosionsschichten auf Kupfer, Zink und Eisen sind überwiegend aus kristallisierten Verbindungen aufgebaut, die meist als Erzmineralien bekannt sind; Hinweise auf weitere mögliche Zusammenhänge dieser Art gibt Tafel 2. Auf Aluminium entstehen dagegen amorphe und dementsprechend noch recht wenig aufgeklärte Schichten. Es werden unterschieden: Die nur ˜ 10-7 cm starken, oxidischen Primäurschichten (= Passivierungsschichten), die mit den Kristalliten der Metallunterlage direkt und im allgemeinen kristallographisch orientiert (epitaktisch) verwachsen sind, und darüber die sehr viel dickeren Sekundärschichten, deren bruttochemische und Phasenzusammensetzung weitgehend durch Verunreinigungen der Luft (z. B. SO2) bestimmt wird.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 123-130 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Calf thymus and salmon sperm deoxyribouncleie acid were degraded by high-shear stirring to molecular weights M in the range of 1.3-3.2 × 106 and purified by chromatography on methylated bovine serum albumin. Dynamic viscoelastic properties of the fragmented products, in aqueous glycerol solutions in the concentration range of c = 0.003-0.01 g./ml., were investigated with the apparatus of Birnboim and Ferry. At values of the product cM higher than 4 × 103, the frequency dependence of the components of the complex shear modulus, G′ and G″, displayed a plateau region in which G′ 〉 G″ - ων1ηS, similar to that observed in concentrated solutions of coiling polymers where it is attributed to an entanglement network (ω is radian frequency, ν1 volume fraction of solvent, and η8, solvent viscosity). The width of this plateau region on the logarithmic frequency scale is given by Δ = 3.8 (log cM - 3.56). At lower values of cM, the frequency dependence is intermediate between those predicted by the theory of Zimm for flexible coiled macromolecules and by the theory of Kirkwood and Auer for rods. Fitting to the Zimm theory gives highly discrepant values for molecular weights, while fitting the low-frequency end of the dispersion to the Kirkwood-Auer theory gives reasonable agreement for both molecular weight and rotary diffusion coefficient. It is concluded that the helical fragments appear as nearly rigid rods in their behavior at very low frequencies, but at higher frequencies reveal substantial bending flexibility.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 57 (1977), S. 211-224 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The polymerization of ethylene and 1-octene with supported Ziegler-catalysts was investigated with regard to the influence of mass transport of monomers on the kinetics, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution.In the case of the polymerization of ethylene, it was found that for certain conditions of reaction the mass transport of ethylene can influence the kinetics of polymerization respectively the catalyst efficiency strongly.The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polyethylene formed are practically not affected by the conversion as well as particle size of catalyst and polymer. The molecular weight distribution however is affected by the concentration of the catalyst. The polymerization process of ethylene in suspension is distinguished by chemical and physical processes. A continuous chain initiation, for example, is based on the continuous reduction of the catalyst particles to small pieces during the course of polymerization. An apparent chain termination respectively catalyst deactivation can occur when catalyst particles are encapsulated within the growing polymer particles.The polymerization of 1 -octene for similar conditions of reaction gave polymers which were solved completely in the system used. The molecular weight distribution of the polymer formed nevertheless was very broad. This indicates that the mass transport of the monomers through the solid phase of polymer cannot be the main reason for the broad molecular weight distribution of the polymers which are produced by heterogeneous Ziegler-catalysts in suspension.
    Notes: Untersucht wurde die Polymerisation von Äthylen und Okten-1 mit Ziegler-Katalysatoren auf Basis von TiCl4/Mg(OC2H5)2/Aluminiumtrialkyl unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Stofftransportes und sein Einfluß auf Kinetik, Molekulargewicht und Molekulargewichtsverteilung.Es zeigt sich im Falle der Äthylenpolymerisation, daß der Stofftransport des Äthylens durch das dreiphasige System unter bestimmten Reaktionsbedingungen einen ausgeprägten Einfluß auf das kinetische Verhalten der Polymerisation bzw. auf den Katalysator-Nutzungsgrad ausüben kann.Molekulargewicht und Molekulargewichtsverteilung des Polyäthylens scheinen weitgeheß unabhängig zu sein von Umsatz, Katalysator- und Polymerpartikelgröße, jedoch zeigt sich eine eindeutige Abhängigkeit von der Katalysatorbeladung des Systems. Das Polymerisationsgeschehen des Äthylens ist gekennzeichnet durch chemische und physikalische Teilschritte. So beruht der fortgesetzte Kettenstart auf einer fortgesetzten Neubildung von Katalysatoroberfläche infolge einer fortgesetzten Zerkleinerung der Katalysatorpartikeln während der Polymerisation durch das sich bildende Polymere. Auch kann es zu einer ausgeprägten Einkapselung der Katalysatorpartikeln durch das Polymere kommen. was einem scheinbaren Kettenabbruch bzw. einer Katalysator-Desaktivierung entspricht.Die Polymerisation des Oktens führt zu Polymeren, welche im verwendeten Lösungsmittel vollständig löslich sind. Trotzdem weist das gebildete Polyokten eine relativ breite Molekulargewichtsverteilung auf und spricht somit ebenfalls dafür, daß der Stofftransport des Monomeren durch die Polymerphase nicht die hauptsächliche Ursache für die Einstellung der breiten Molekulargewichtsverteilung dieser Polymeren sein kann.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 76 (1979), S. 141-160 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In a brief review thermoreversibly crosslinked polymers, especially EPM-rubbers, segmented polyetherester-elastomers and styrene-diene-blockcopolymers are treated. Correlations between molecular structure and some properties are given. Special emphasis is laid on the more thoroughly investigated styrene-diene-styrene-threeblock-copolymers, where detailed experimental and theoretical knowledge about morphology, mechanical and rheological properties exists.
    Notes: In einer kurzen übersicht werden thermoreversibel vernetzbare Polymere vom Typder EPM-Kautschuke, der segmentierten Polyetherester-Elastomeren und der Styrol-Dien-Blockcopolymeren behandelt. Zusammenhänge zwischen Molekülstrukturen und einigen Eigenschaften werden beschrieben. Ausführlicher wird auf die besonde gründlich untersuchte Styrol-Butadien-Styrol-Dreiblockcopolymeren eingegangen. Hier liegen detaillierte experimentelle und auch theoretische Erkenntnisse über die Morphologie, die-taillierte experimentelle und auch theoretische Erkenntnisse über die Morphologie, die mechanischen und rheologischen Eigenschaften vor.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 49 (1977), S. 43-43 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 262-265 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Ca3(BN2)2 ; Sr3(BN2)2 ; NaSr4(BN2)3 ; preparation ; structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Structure of Sr3(BN2)2The structure of Sr3(BN2)2 was determined on single-crystal X-ray data collected with a four-circle diffractometer. Sr3(BN2)2 crystallizes in the cubic space group Im3m (no. 229) with a = 764.56(3) pm and Z = 3. The structure contains linear BN3-2 ions with a B—N bond length of 135.8(6) pm. The straight forward synthesis employing metal nitrides plus boron nitride yielded crystalline powders of M3(BN2)2 (M = Ca, Sr) at 1100°C (5 days). Cubic indexing of guinier patterns gave a = 765.8(1) pm for M = Sr and a = 734.7(2) pm for M = Ca. The structure refinement on a single crystal of Sr3(BN2)2 revealed that one strontium site (2a; 0, 0, 0) is occupied by only about 50%. It has been tried to fully occupy this site with an alkali metal (A) to obtain ASr4(BN2)3 (Z = 2). Reactions with A = Na yielded crystalline powders. Cubic indexing of the guinier pattern analogous to that of Sr3(BN2)2 gave a = 754.2(1) pm.
    Notes: Die Struktur von Sr3(BN2)2 wurde anhand von Einkristall-Röntgendaten, die durch Messung an einem Vierkreisdiffraktometer erhalten wurden, bestimmt. Sr3(BN2)2 kristallisiert in der kubischen Raumgruppe Im3m (Nr. 229) mit a = 764,56(3) pm und Z = 3. Die Struktur enthält lineare BN3-2-Ionen mit einer Bindungslänge B—N von 135,8(6) pm. Die gezielte Darstellung aus den Metallnitriden und Bornitrid zu M3(BN2)2 (M = Ca, Sr) bei 1100°C (5 Tage) ergab kristalline Pulver. Kubische Indizierung der Guinierdiagramme gab a = 765,8(1) pm für M = Sr und 734,7(2) pm für M = Ca. Die Strukturverfeinerung an einem Einkristall von Sr3(BN2)2 zeigte, daß eine Strontiumlage (2a; 0,0,0) nur zu etwa 50% besetzt ist. Es wurde versucht, diese Lage mit einem Alkalimetall (A) entsprechend ASr4(BN2)3 (Z = 2) vollständig zu besetzen. Reaktionen mit A = Na ergaben kristalline Pulver, deren Guinierdiagramme analog zu Sr3(BN2)2 kubisch mit a = 754,2(1) pm indiziert werden konnten.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 596 (1991), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Calcium oxychloride ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: An Oxychloride of Calcium: Ca4OCl6Ca4OCl6 (hexagonal, P63mc, Z = 2), a = 905.8(3), c = 686.3(4) pm, (R = 0.031) crystallizes as colourless needles from reducing melts (CaCl2, Ca) that contain small amounts of „oxygen“. It contains „isolated“ tetrahedral units [Ca4O] and is isotypic with e.g., Ba4OCl6, Yb4OCl6 and K6HgS4. Ca4OCl6 does not form in the dehydration process of, for example, CaCl2 · 6 H2O.
    Notes: Ca4OCl6 (hexagonal, P63mc, Z = 2, a = 905.8(3)); c = 686.3(4) pm, (R = 0,031) kristallisiert in Form farbloser Nadeln aus „reduzierenden Schmelzen“ (CaCl2, Ca), die wenig „Sauerstoff“ enthalten. Es enthält „isolierte“ tetraedrische [Ca4O]-Einheiten und ist isotyp mit z. B. Ba4OCl6, Yb4OCl6 oder K6HgS4. Ca4OCl6 entsteht nicht beim Entwässern von z. B. CaCl2 · 6 H2O.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 863-866 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: CsNb3Br7S ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; bonding ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: CsNb3Br7S: Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding StatesThe reaction of NbBr5 with Nb, Cs and S in a sealed Nb container affords CsNb3Br7S at 800°C (3 days). Further on isotypic compounds of the general formula ANb3X7Ch with A = Rb, Cs; X = Cl, Br and Ch = S, Se are obtained. CsNb3Br7S crystallizes monoclinic (space group P21/a, Z = 2), with the lattice parameters a = 707.4(2), b = 1 888.4(4), c = 994.1(2) pm and β = 98.59(2)°. The crystal structure contains Nb3 clusters being linked by two additional Nb—Nb bonds to form infinite chains. Adjacent chains are bridged by Cs atoms in a cubeoctahedral coordination sphere of Br atoms. Similar with Nb3Br8 seven electrons occupy metal - metal bonding states.
    Notes: Bei der Reaktion von NbBr5 mit Nb, Cs und S bildet sich im verschweißten Niobrohr bei 800°C (3 Tage) CsNb3Br7S. Ferner wurden isotype Verbindungen der allgemeinen Zusammensetzung ANb3X7Ch mit A = Rb, Cs; X = Cl, Br und Ch = S, Se erhalten. CsNb3Br7S kristallisiert monoklin (Raumgruppe P21/a, Z = 2) mit den Gitterparametern a = 707,4(2), b = 1 888,4(4), c = 994,1(2) pm und β = 98,59(2)°. In der Kristallstruktur liegen Nb3-Cluster vor, die durch zwei zusätzliche Nb—Nb-Bindungen zu unendlichen Strängen verknüpft sind. Cs-Atome verbrücken benachbarte Stränge und besitzen eine kuboktaedrische Koordinationssphäre aus Br-Atomen. Wie in Nb3Br8 besetzen formal sieben Elektronen Metall - Metall-bindende Zustände.
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